Anatomy 5

Question 1

auricle sens innerv? blood supply? lymph drain?

Answer 1

skin -> auriculotemp & greater auricular nn; ext ac meatus & outer TM -> auriculotemp & CN10 nn. superficial temp & post auricular aa. (post -> mastoid, ant -> parotid, inf) -> sup cerv -> deep cervical LN

Question 2

external acoustic meatus = what shape? lat vs med part = ?

Answer 2

s shaped tunnel. cartilage w/ sebaceous & cerumen glands vs bony

Question 3

TM: pars flaccida vs pars tensa. malleolar stria vs umbo. cone of light

Answer 3

aka shrapnell membrane, small, flaccid vs lg, taut. attaches malleus handle in inner TM vs puckering of TM drawn inward attaching low tip of malleus. triangle light d/t otoscope

Question 4

know tympanic cavity borders. what does it house?

Answer 4

Lec 41, slides 9-10. ossicles

Question 5

describe E tube

Answer 5

connects tympanic cavity w/ nasopharynx. sup part = bony, distal part = cartilage. yawn/swallow opens e tube –> equalize mid ear pressure w/ atm pressure

Question 6

describe nn w/in tympanic cavity?

Answer 6

CN7 in facial canal -> chorda tympani b/w mal/tensor tympani & inc and leaves thru petrotympanic fissure to infratemp fossa; n to stapedius. CN 9 -> tympanic plexus -> promontory -> lesser petrosal n

Question 7

describe tympanic muscles: tens tympani & stapedius

Answer 7

V3 & 7; stabilize ossicles or else hyperacusis

Question 8

know inner ear bony & membranous labyrinths. describe cochlea. describe organ of Corti

Answer 8

Lec 41, slide 16. around modiolus; scala vestibuli & tympani both w/ perilymph connecting via helicotrema; membranous cochlear duct w/ endolymph. in/outer hair cells in cochlear duct; perilymph displaces basilar mem -> bend stereocilia in tectorial mem; displaced outer hair cells -> amplify amplitude, displaced inner hair cells (1o sensory receptors) -> AP of afferent cochlear n -> send to CNS as sound

Question 9

utricle & saccule. know fxn of maculae

Answer 9

parts of mem labyrinth w/in bony vestibule housing maculae detecting gravity pull & linear acc; stereocilia & kinocilium in gelatinous otolithic mem; otolith mem capped by CaCO3 crystals (otoconia) detecting gravity & linear acc. head tilt -> otoliths drag otolith mem in direction of gravity. Lec 41, slide 25

Question 10

sens pathways for inner ear

Answer 10

corti -> spiral ganglia -> coch n -> CN8 -> hearing
macula -> vestib ganglia -> vestib n -> CN8 -> gravity & lin acc
crista ampullaris -> vestib ganglia -> vestib n -> CN8 -> rot/angular acc

Question 11

cryptotia vs polyotia vs preauricular sinus vs microtia vs stahl’s bar vs prominent ears

Answer 11

upper pole = buried under temporal skin vs persistent preauricular tissue included in pinna vs incomplete fusion of 1/2nd pharyngeal arches vs diminutive ear, from FAS or thalidomide vs flat helix, duplicated upper crus antihelix vs absent/incomplete antihelical fold

Question 12

what’s otosclerosis?

Answer 12

tissue overgrowth -> stapes fixed to oval window

Question 13

transduction pathway

Answer 13

stereocilia on tect mem -> K+ channels open -> influx K+ -> depol -> influx Ca2+ -> synaptic vesicles fuse w/ plasma mem -> NT released to aff periph n

Question 14

describe basilar membrane. freq for human hearing & speech?

Answer 14

narrow/stiff at base, wide/flexible at apex; low freq/taller cilia travel to apex, high freq/shorter cilia travel to base. 20-20000Hz, 100-8000Hz

Question 15

mid ear reflex

Answer 15

stapedius/CN7 LMN caudal to sup olivary complex; tensor tympani/V3 motor nucleus rostral to sup olivary complex -> cochl n gives aff info -> reflex = bil to protect inner ear from loud sounds

Question 16

dorsal & ventral coch nuclei. what is auditory radiation?

Answer 16

lat brainstem of pontomedullary jxn that makes tonotopic map. sublenticular part of post lmib of internal capsule -> primary auditory complex in transverse temp gyri of Heschl (BA 41/42)

Question 17

describe the simplified auditory pathway

Answer 17

coch has bipolar neurons in spiral ganglion -> coch nuclei goes up to inf colliculus via lat lemniscus ipsi/contralat -> branchium inf fol -> MGN -> audio radiation -> primary auditory cortex of tranverse temp gyri (BA 41/42). pathway involves both ipsi/contra -> dmg to central auditory structures above coch nuclei -> bil hearing loss. mono hearing loss = periph lesion

Question 18

parts of vestibular system: periph receptor apparatus vs central vestib nuclei vs vestib-oc network vs vestib-spinal network vs vestibthalcortico network

Answer 18

transduce head position/motion into neural info in inner ear vs neurons in brainstem receive/integrate/distribute info for motor & spatial vs eye movement vs head movement, axial musculature, postural reflexes vs conscious proprio

Question 19

bony vs mem labyrinth

Answer 19

aka otic capsule containing clear perilymph; has coch & 3 semicirc canals vs w/in bony labryinth containing endolymph; each 3 semicirc ducts has ampulla connected to utricle, and saccule

Question 20

describe hair cell transduction for rot acc in ampullae

Answer 20

sensory receptor cells in vestibular system = hair cells embedded in cristae of ampulla -> small stereocilia & long kinocilium in gelatinous cupula; rot displace endolymph -> push cupula -> displace stereocilia toward kinocilium = depol, away kinocilium = hyperpol

Question 21

in rostral medulla & caudal pons: sup vs inf vs med vs lat vestib nuclei

Answer 21

know where each of them are: Lec 43, slide 13. bordered by restiform body & 4th ventricle vs lat to med vestib nucleus vs floor of 4th ventricle vs contains lg neurons = Deiter’s cells

Question 22

primary vs secondary vestibcerebellar vs vestibvestibular fibers

Answer 22

to juxtarestiform body -> inf cerebellar puduncle -> cerebellum vs to vestib nuclei before reaching cerebellum to reg eye/head movement & posture vs to corresponding vestib nuclei from semicirc canals

Question 23

med vs lat vestibulospinal tracts

Answer 23

med vestib nuclei -> med longitudinal fasciculus bil -> spinal cord -> head/neck muscles vs lat & inf vestib nuclei -> all lvls of ipsi spinal cord -> ipsi extensor muscles of U/LE -> LVsT actions

Question 24

bony vs cartilaginous skel of nose. root/dorsum/apex of nose = sens innerv by? ala of nose = sens innerv by?

Answer 24

nasal bones, frontal processes of maxillae vs hyaline cart => septum cart, major alar cart. infratroch & ext nasal nn of V. infraorbital n of V2

Question 25

know borders, regions, bones of nasal cavity. bony vs cart part of nasal septum

Answer 25

Lec 44, slides 5-7. perpendicular plate of eth, vomer vs septal cartilage

Question 26

blood supply to lat wall vs venous drain of nasal cavity

Answer 26

ICA -> ant/post eth aa ECA -> max a -> sphenopalatine & greater palatine aa ECA -> facial a -> lat nasal aa Kiesselbach plexus = anastomosis for all branches in nasal septum; ant bleed vs cav sinus in cranial cavity, pterygoid sinus in infratemp fossa, facial v to IJV

Question 27

sens innerv of nasal cavity vs nasal septum. parasymph vs symph innerv of nasal cavity

Answer 27

ant eth n of V1, post nasal branches of V2 vs ant eth nasocil of V1, nasopalatine n branches of V2. sup salivatory nucleus -> greater petrosal n of 7 -> n of pterygoid canal/vidian n -> pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa -> hitchhike on V2 -> target vessel/gland vs T1-3 up sympathetic chain -> sup cervical ganglion -> ICA, carotid plexus -> deep petrosal n -> vidian n -> etc

Question 28

ansa cervicalis vs phrenic n innervate what? int vs ext branch innervate what?

Answer 28

C123, all strap x/ thyrohyoid vs C345, thoracic diaphragm. thyrohyoid mem -> sens above vocal cords vs cricothyroid -> motor

Question 29

Horner's cause vs sxs

Answer 29

neck trauma/surg/tumor on sympathetic chain, injury/aneurysm to ICA vs flushed cheeks b/c vasodil, ptosis b/c no sup tarsal muscle, anhidrosis, miosis

Question 30

L aorta & R brachiocephalic trunk give off? what else does R brachiocephalic trunk give?

Answer 30

common carotid -> ICA & ECA -> some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students. subclavian -> vertebral a, internal thoracic a, thyrocervical trunk -> inf thyroid a, transverse cervical a, suprascapular a

Question 31

superficial cervical fascia vs investing layer vs pretracheal layer vs carotid sheath vs prevertebral layer vs retropharyngeal space

Answer 31

platysma vs sCM/trap vs thyroid, trachea, infrahyoids, buccopharyngeal fascia vs common carotid, 10, IJV; connected by alar fascia vs longus capitis/colli & scalenes vs b/w buccopharyngeal fascia & prevertebral fascia; infxn can spread to thorax

Question 32

submental vs submandib vs carotid vs muscular vs occipital/post vs omoclavicular triangles

Answer 32

subment LN vs submandib gland, 12, n to mylohyoid, facial a/v vs carotid things, 12, ansa vs straps, para/thryoid vs cervical plexus, 11 vs subclavian a/v

Question 33

epiglottis = anchored where? corniculate cart sit on top of? vocal lig span from? quadrangular mem = mucosa spanning from? conus elasticus span from?

Answer 33

hyoid & thyroid cart. arytenoids. vocal process to thyroid cart. vest lig, epiglottis, arytenoid cart. cricoid cart to vocal lig

Question 34

cricothyroid vs thyroarytenoid vs lat (+ trans/oblique aryt) & post cricoarytenoid mm. all innervated by?

Answer 34

forward tilt thyroid cart -> lengthen & inc tension of vocal lig/fold -> raise voice pitch vs shorten & dec tension vocal folds -> lower pitch? vs adduct & abduct vocal lig -> change size of rima glottidis. ext branch, inf laryngeal n of 10

Question 35

sup vs inf laryngeal aa go to/with? lymph drain of larynx?

Answer 35

branch of sup thyroid a -> w/ internal branch thru thyrohyoid mem vs branch of inf thyroid a -> w/ recurrent laryngeal n thru larynx. above vocal folds -> thyrohyoid mem -> sup deep cervical LN; below vocal folds -> pre/paratracheal LN -> inf deep cervical LN

Question 36

describe 3 bitter taste transduction. gustatory pathway?

Answer 36

bitter cmpd -> K+ influx -> depol -> Ca2+ influx -> NT; ligand to 7 transmem receptor -> G protein gustaducin -> dec Ca2+ -> NT; ligand to G protein -> PLC -> IP3 -> Ca2+ -> NT. CN7 & 9 from taste buds send impulse to solitary medulla nucleus -> thal -> gustatory cortex -> hypothal & limbic system

Question 37

cells/receptors of smell

Answer 37

olf epith covers sup nasal concha; olf receptor cells = bipolar neurons with radiating olf cilia surrounded by supporting cells; basal cells at base of epith