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BIOL1900 > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Anthropometry

A

Science of measurement of size, composition and proportions of human body

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2
Q

Define Kinanthropometry

A

Scientific specialisation with application to movement

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3
Q

What are the components of the musculoskeletal System?

A

Skeletal system- bones

Muscular system- skeletal muscles

Articular system- joints (ligaments, cartilage)

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4
Q

Bone is strongest in:

A
  1. Compressive strength- approx. 170MPa
  2. Tensile (tension) strength- 100-120MPa
  3. Shear stress strength (twisting)- 50MPa
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5
Q

What causes bone stress fractures?

A

Bones are metabolically active and need time to repair.

Stress fractures are caused by cumulative micro damage, excessive training and inadequate recovery

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6
Q

What is the mineral content of bone?

A

Children: 61%

Middle-aged adults: 66%

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7
Q

Give an example of different bone fusion rates

A

Hip fuses around 4-8 years old

Top of femur fuses at around 16-17 years old for females and 17-18 years old for males

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8
Q

Femur growth vs. tibia growth

A

55% vs. 45%

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9
Q

Growth at varying ends of long bones of the leg

A

2/3 more growth at knee joint than at hip and ankle ends (67% vs. 33%)

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10
Q

What is the change in femoral angle of inclination from childhood to adulthood?

A

140-150 degrees in children and 120 decrees in adults due to weight-baring and forces pushing on femoral head to support body weight

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11
Q

Explain what it means by bones being metabolically active

A

Bones respond to mechanical stimuli by initiating or inhibiting bone modelling/remodelling

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12
Q

Bone strength:

Effect of heavy (excessive) intensity

A

No change, decrease in bone strength

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13
Q

Bone strength:

Moderate intensity

A

Increase in bone strength

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14
Q

Bone strength:

Normal daily living

A

Maintenance of bone strength

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15
Q

Bone strength:

Immobilisation

A

Loss of bone (non-weight bearing)

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16
Q

Bone strength:

Unloading (altered gravity)

A

1-2% bone loss/ month vs. 1-1.5%/ year in elderly

2-3% in postmenopausal women

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17
Q

How does osteogenic change/ growth occur?

A

Osteogenic growth/ change only occurs through weight-bearing activities

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18
Q

When is the best time to increase bone size?

A

Best time to increase bone mass (load bones) is during childhood when bones are growing as opposed to adult bones

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19
Q

How does bone mass increase?

A

Adding of bone on periosetal surface

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20
Q

What is BMC?

A

Measure of how strong bone is

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21
Q

How many bones in the adult body?

A

206 as opposed to 270 at birth

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22
Q

Where are the majority of the bones found in the body?

A

1/2 bones in body are found in hands and feet

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23
Q

What is the longest/ heaviest bone in the body?

A

The femur.

Accounts for approximately 25% of height in complete skeleton

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24
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Movement and levers (limbs- outside skeleton) e.g. arms and legs

126 bones
Long bone- femur
Short bone- carpal

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25
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Support and protection (core) e.g. skull, ribs, spinal column 80 bones Irregular- vertebrae Flat- skull bones
26
What are the two bone types?
1. Cortical (compact) - 80% of skeleton | 2. Cancellous (trabecular) - 20% of skeleton
27
What are the mechanical functions of bone?
Levers, support, protection
28
What are the metabolic functions of bone?
1. Mineral storage - skeletal muscle, nerve conduction 2. Blood production - hemopoiesis: red blood cell production in bone marrow - cardiovascular function
29
What are the bone cell types and their functions?
Osteoclasts- bone resorbing Osteoblasts- bone forming Osteocytes- mature cell (processes connecting to osteoblasts and other osteocytes for communication)
30
Explain the process of bone remodelling?
1. Fracture 2. Osteoclasts (tidy) 3. Osteoblasts (lay down new tissue)
31
What are the two types of bone growth (ossification)?
1. Endochondral Ossification - growth in length of bones 2. Appositional Ossification - growth in width of bones
32
List the role and function of the muscles
1. Role: Agonist, Function: Prime mover 2. Role: Synergist, Function: Assistant mover 3. Role: Stabilizer, Function: Fixator 4. Role: Antagonist, Function: Co-contraction
33
Explain muscle role and function with regards to the "bicep curl"
Agonist- Brachialis Synergist- Biceps Brachii Stabilisers- Rotator Cuff
34
Effect of immobilisation on muscle
Decrease in SA | - 30% atrophy in 11 days
35
What is the muscle response to endurance training?
minimal CSA change | minimal strength change
36
What is the muscle response to resistance training?
increase in CSA | increase in strength
37
What is the muscle response to a combination of resistance and endurance training?
increase in muscle CSA | hypertrophy (increase in CSA) + hyperplasia (increase in number of muscle cells)
38
What is a biarticular joint?
Muscle that crosses two joints
39
What is the role of myostatin?
``` Regulates muscle growth by: 1. inhibiting muscle differentiation (stops muscle dividing) 2. inhibiting Akt-induced protein synthesis (inhibits breakdown of muscle) ```
40
What is a sarcomere?
Basic unit of myofibril- building units of skeletal muscle that are made up of protein complexes
41
Which proteins are found in sarcomeres?
Myosin, actin- contractile force Titin- exercise induces mechanosignalling (responsible for hypertrophy in resistance trained athletes) Nebulin- regulates thin filament length
42
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number
43
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
44
What makes up lever systems?
Effort Fulcrum (pivot-point) Load
45
How many muscles in the human body?
650 muscles
46
List the joint components
- Bone (2 or more) - Cartilage (Discs) - Ligaments (Capsules) - Tendons (Muscles)
47
Effect of moderate activity on Ligaments/Tendons
- Size increase | - Mechanically stronger
48
Effect of immobilsaiton activity on Ligaments/Tendons
- no 'impact' loading - size decrease - mechanically weaker
49
Effect of high activity on Ligaments/Tendons
Initial response: size decrease/ no change until 6 weeks | Adaptive response: after 6-12 months increase in size and strength
50
Joint function and types
1. immovable (synarthrosis) 2. slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) 3. freely moveable (diarthrosis)
51
Does flexibility vary within joints?
Yes, flexibility is joint specific, not general
52
What are the features of joint structure?
1. potential cavity filled with synovial fluid 2. Articular cartilage which allows bones to slide past one another 3. Fibrous capsule- lined by synovial fluid membrane 4. Synovial membrane Additional structure: Ligaments
53
Explain pivot joints
Pivot around an axis, motion in 1 plane
54
Explain hinge joints
Elbow joint- flexion and extension movement (Uni-axial) Knee joint- Flexion, extension and internal rotation (modified)
55
Explain bi-axial joints
Condyloid- flexion, extension and in and out movements e.g. metacarpi-phalangeal joint
56
Explain multi-axial joints
Ball and socket e.g. hip joint
57
Explain non-synovial joint
Fibrous tough tissue connecting two bones Fibrous- skull structure Fibro-cartilagenous- intervertebral discs (spine)
58
What is the typical lumbar vertebrae increase between birth and 5 years of age and between 5 and 13 years old.
Three times increase in height from birth to 5 years old. Another 50% increase from 5 to 13 years old Ceases to grow between ages of 18 to 25
59
What is the function of articular cartilage?
To distribute join loads over wider surface area and decrease stresses. To minimise friction between opposing joint surfaces No blood vessels, no lymph channels, devoid on nerves, extracellular matrix (70-80% water), 90% type 2 collagen scaffold
60
Tendon (ligament structure)
dense connective tissues (parallel-fibred) | Matrix = 30% solids, 70% water
61
Tendon Vs. Ligament function
Tendons: - Muscle to bone - Transmit muscle forces - Store some elastic energy Ligaments: - Bone to bone - Mechanical stability - Guide joint motion - Prevent excessive motion
62
What are the two dynamic muscle actions?
Concentric- force generates as muscle shortens (lifting load) Eccentric- force generated as muscle lengthens (lowering load)
63
Concentric Vs. Eccentric
Property of skeletal muscle is to generate largest force possible which is achieved by eccentric contraction (more force than concentric) approximately 1.5 times isometric velocity force
64
Isometric force
Force generated with no noticeable muscle lengthening or shortening. Cannot overcome external resistance
65
What are the two movement types?
1. Static - Isometric 2. Dynamic - Isotonic - Isokinetic
66
What is the formula for muscle power?
Force X Velocity Muscle power is a product of strength (force) and speed (velocity)
67
What is the relation between body mass and strength?
Strenght (increases as a square) in relation to body mass (increases as a cube) shows curvilinear relation (allometric scaling) Mass^0.67
68
Percentage limitation in the range of motion in joints
Capsule and ligaments- 47% Muscle fascia- 41% Tendons- 10% Skin- 2%
69
What is the cephalo-caudal rule?
Growth velocity gradients move downwards from the head

BIOL1900 (4 decks)

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