Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

The root of the lung.
The point where the bronchus, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, lymphatic vessels (and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes) and nerves enter the lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In relation to the pericardium, where is the phrenic nerve?

A

The phrenic nerve descends across the lateral border of the heart and into the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

the thin external layer formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is meant by “haemopericardium”?

A

when the pericardial cavity if filled with blood following a penetrating injury or ruptures cardiac chamber following an MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a cardiac tamponade?

A

A condition where the pressure around the heart prevents cardiac contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is periocardiocentesis?

A

A procedure where the pressure of fluid within the pericardium is reduced
e..g. drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity
must avoid parietal pleura so a needle is inserted via the infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

A “space” within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly
It lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
It lies anterior to the SVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What part of the heart forms the apex?

A

The inferolateral part of the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What part of the heart forms the base?

A

The base is the posterior aspect of the heart.

Formed mainly by the left atrium and part of the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the heart forms the anterior surface?

A

Mainly the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What part of the heart forms the diaphramatic (inferior) surface?

A

Mainly the left ventricle and part of the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part of the heart forms the right border (right pulmonary surface?

A

Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of the heart forms the left (lateral) border (left pulmonary surface)?

A

Left ventricle (and slightly by the left auricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three main branches off of the arch or the aorta?

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the branches of the SVC? (2)

A

right and left brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do the brachiocephalic veins bifurcate to form?

A

subclavian vein and jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the coronary groove indicate?

What runs within it?

A

the surface markings for the tricuspid valve

right coronary artery runs within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the anterior interventricular groove indicate?

A

the boundary between the two ventricles

left anterior descending (LAD) / anterior interventricular artery lies within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

A short venous channel which runs in the posterior atrioventricular groove.
It separated the base from the diaphragmatic surface.
It receives deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium (near IVC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the posterior interventricular groove indicate?

What runs within it?

A

It indicates the boundary between the 2 ventricles on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart.
Usually the posterior interventricular artery (branch of right coronary artery) along with the posterior interventricular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hypoxaemia?

A

A reduction in the oxygen content of the systemic arterial blood.
A condition where arterial oxygen tension or partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is below normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

The reduction of oxygen supply at the tissue level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the cusps on the tricuspid valve?

A

anterior, posterior and septal cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the cusps on the mitral valve?

A

anterior and posterior cusps

25
Q

What are the cusps on the pulmonary valve?

A

anterior, left and right cusps

26
Q

What are the cusps on the aortic valve?

A

right, left and posterior cusps (and sinuses - coronary arteries arise from the right and left coronary sinuses)

27
Q

What was the oval fossa called before birth?

A

foramen ovale

28
Q

What is the function of the fibrous ring?

A

It is the fibrous part of the septum.

It acts as an electrical insulator.

29
Q

What is the septomarginal trabecula?

A

It is the moderator band.

It carries fibres of the right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp of the tricuspid valve.

30
Q

Where do you auscultate the aortic valve?

A

2nd ICS, right sternal edge

31
Q

Where do you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd ICS, left sternal edge

32
Q

Where do you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?

A

4th ICS, left sternal edge

33
Q

Where do you auscultate for the mitral valve?

A

5th ICS, midclavicular line

34
Q

What is the course of the phrenic nerve(s)?

A

Passes through neck on the anterior surface to the scalenus anterior
Passes through the chest to the diaphragm, between the mediastinal parietal pleura and the fibrous pericardium

35
Q

What is the somatic sensory function of the phrenic nerves?

A

To innervate:

  • the mediastinal parietal pleura
  • the fibrous pericardium
  • the diaphragmatic parietal pleura
  • the diaphragm (muscle and central tendon)
  • the diaphragm parietal peritoneum
36
Q

What is the somatic motor function of the phrenic nerves?

A

To innervate the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm

37
Q

What is the sympathetic function of the phrenic nerves?

A

To innervate arterioles

38
Q

What sympathetic nerve passes straight to the organ it supplies without synapsing?

A

one of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve passes straight to the adrenal medulla without synapsing

39
Q

What level of the spinal cord do sympathetic fibres leave?

A

T1-L2/3

40
Q

What is the name of the nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the heart and lung? At what level do these nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves.

Formed from T1-T5 ganglia and cervical ganglia (superior, middle and inferior).

41
Q

What does the cardiac plexus consist of?

Whereis the cardiac plexus found?

A

sympathetic fibres, parasympathetic fibres and visceral afferent fibres.
Stuck posteriorly on heart, between the heart and the trachea

42
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system where are the ganglia found (i.e. location of synapsing)?

A

There are 4 main ganglia in the head and neck.

The rest are in the walls of the organs (vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves - post-synaptic fibres are very short)

43
Q

What are the parasympathetic cranial nerves?

A 
CN III (oculomotor)
CN VII (facial)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN X (vagus)
44
Q

Is the pelvic splanchnic nerve part of the sympathetic or parasympathetic system?

A

parasympathetic

45
Q

What level of the spinal cord to parasympathetic nerves leave?

A

cranial sacral outflow

cranial nerve 3, 7, 9, 10

46
Q

What nerves travel in the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?

A

the postsynaptic sympathetic efferents and the cardiac visceral afferents

47
Q

Where are the chemoreceptor nerve endings found?

A

in the root of the aorta and in the inter ventricular septum

48
Q

Where are the visceral afferent nerve endings (for stretch any chemicals found?

A 
inner aortic arch 
pulmonary trunk 
around the SA node 
outflow tracts from both ventricles 
papillary muscles 
vena cava
49
Q

Where are the baroreceptors found?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

50
Q

What part of the brain do somatic sensory action potentials arrive?

A

the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

51
Q

What part of the brain of somatomotor action potentials originate from ?

A

the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe

52
Q

Give some sources of somatic (sharp) central chest pain

A

Herpes zoster (shingles) developing in the T4/T5 dermatome
Pectorals major of intercostal muscle strain
dislocated costochondral joint
Costovertebral joint inflammation
Slipped thoracic intervertebral disc
Pleurisy
Pericarditis

  • pain can be felt anywhere along the one dermatome
53
Q

Give some sources of visceral (dull) chest pain

A

angina
MI
tracheitis
oesophagitis

54
Q

What is found in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Mainly fatty tissue in adults.

The thymus gland in children.

55
Q

How does the right vagus nerve pass through the thorax?

A

On the trachea then the oeophagus

56
Q

What is the ligament arteriosum?

A

the remnant of the ductus arteriosus, connecting the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta

57
Q

How does the left vagus nerve pass through the thorax?

A

It crossed the left side of the aortic arch heading posterior to the lung hilum towards the oesophagus

58
Q

Does the phrenic nerve pass anterior or posterior to the hilum of the lung?

A

anterior

Cardiology 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions