Anatomy

Question 1

Skeletal landmarks of thoracic cavity

Answer 1

Manubrium
Body
Xiphisternum

Suprasternal notch
Sternoclavicular joint
Sternal angle
Angle of Louis

Question 2

Angle of Louis

Answer 2

Second rib joins the sternum at a weird angle
Horizontal plane through this angle passes T4
Separates superior mediastinum

Question 3

Location of valves

Answer 3

P- 3rd left costal cartilage and sternum
A- right of and below the pulmonary valve
M- 4th left costal cartilage and sternum
T- 5th right costal cartilage and sternum

Question 4

Right border of the heart

Answer 4

Right atrium and SVC and IVC

Question 5

Pulmonary trunk

Answer 5

Between two auricles

Question 6

Anterior surface

Answer 6

Right ventricle

Question 7

Boundary between right atrium and ventricle

Answer 7

RCA- almost vertical

Question 8

Boundary between two ventricles on anterior surface

Answer 8

Anterior- interventricular artery (LAD) (branch of LCA)

Question 9

Boundary between two ventricles on the posterior surface

Answer 9

Posterior interventricular artery

Question 10

Crista terminalis

Answer 10

The junction between smooth and rough parts of the right atrium

Question 11

Opening of the coronary sinus

Answer 11

The main vein of the heart- close to the IVC

Question 12

Coronary sulcus

Answer 12

The junction between the atria and the ventricles

Question 13

Valves structure

Answer 13

Endothelium
Spongiosa
Fibrosa
Elastin fibres

Then, there is a fibrous ring at the periphery
Rings surrounded by fibrous skeleton

Fibrous skeleton- 1) insulates and 2) anchors muscles and valves

Question 14

Pectinate muscles

Answer 14

Rough portion of the atria

Question 15

Crista terminalis

Answer 15

C-shaped ridge that separates posterior and anterior region of the atrium

Question 16

Fossa ovalis

Answer 16

Spot of the opening- foramen ovale that existed in the fetal heart and closed after birth

Question 17

Papillary muscles

Answer 17

Columnar ridges of myocardium that extend from the ventricles

Question 18

Chordae tendinae

Answer 18

Thin thread like structures that extend from the papillary muscles and attach to the cusps of the valves

Question 19

Supraventricular crest

Answer 19

Between the tricuspid and pulmonary valve, there is a bulging of the right ventricle

Question 20

Aortic sinus

Answer 20

A dilatation above the cusp
Two cusps have opening for the coronary arteries
These cusps are called coronary cusps

Question 21

RCA course

Answer 21

Between the right atrium and right ventricle
Goes down to the diaphragmatic surface
Goes to the posterior side and branches as posterior interventricular artery between the ventricles
Before that, there is a right marginal branch that goes along the diaphragmatic surface

Question 22

Crux

Answer 22

LCA and RCA anastamose at the beginning of the Piv

Question 23

Coronary sinus

Answer 23

Major large vein of the heart

Question 24

Innominate veins

Answer 24

Two brachiocephalic veins that go into SVC

Question 25

Brachiocephalic veins

Answer 25

Right is short and vertical and in line with SVC Left is longer and oblique Each is formed by union of subclavian and internal jugular veins

Question 26

Aortic arch

Answer 26

Superior mediastinum

Question 27

Descending aorta

Answer 27

Posterior mediastinum

Question 28

Brachiocephalic trunk

Answer 28

On the right side | Gives rise to subclavian artery and right common carotid

Question 29

Left side of aortic arch

Answer 29

Left common carotid | Left subclavian

Question 30

Thoracic outlet

Answer 30

The space bounded by the first rib, the first thoracic vertebra and the sternum

Question 31

Above sternal angle at T4

Answer 31

Lugwig's plane | Superior mediastinum

Question 32

Main arterial supply to the thoracic wall

Answer 32

Descending thoracic aorta | Through posterior intercostal arteries

Question 33

Posterior intercostal arteries

Answer 33

9 pairs- supply blood to bottom 9 intercostal spaces | First 2 are supplied by a branch of the subclavian

Question 34

Internal thoracic artery

Answer 34

Branch of the subclavian | Anterior intercostal spaces

Question 35

What continues as the femoral artery

Answer 35

External iliac

Question 36

What gives the obturator artery

Answer 36

Internal iliac

Question 37

Veins of the thoracic wall

Answer 37

Upper intercostal- drain into subclavian system | Lower seven- drain into other veins- Azygos and hemiazygos veins

Question 38

When does oesophagus leave the diaphragm?

Answer 38

T8

Question 39

When does the aorta exit?

Answer 39

T12

Question 40

Where does internal thoracic artery come from?

Answer 40

Subclavian artery

Question 41

When does azygos vein join the SVC?

Answer 41

T4

Question 42

Posterior attachment of the diaphragm

Answer 42

Crura of the diaphragm- attached to the first two on the left and three on the right

Question 43

Both crura of the diaphragm is joined by which arch and at what level?

Answer 43

Median arcuate ligament at T12 | Aorta passes through this gap

Question 44

Bifurcation of aorta level

Answer 44

L4