Anatomy

Question 1

Regarding the circulatory system what is rate proportional to?

Answer 1

Square of the distance

Question 2

What vessels supply the heart muscle with blood?

Answer 2

Coronary arteries 3 major: left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex (circ), right coronary artery (RCA)

Question 3

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

Answer 3

Area available for exchange, diffusion resistance, conc gradient

Question 4

Where is capillary density at its highest?

Answer 4

Metabolically active tissues

Question 5

What are the factors that determine the O2 conc gradient?

Answer 5

Rate of blood flow, rate of use by tissue

Question 6

What is the rate of blood flow known as?

Answer 6

Perfusion rate

Question 7

At rest where is blood flow the highest?

Answer 7

Gut: 1.4L

Question 8

At max flow where is blood flow the highest?

Answer 8

Muscle: 16L

Question 9

What is cardiac output for an average 70Kg person at rest vs max flow?

Answer 9

Rest: 5L, max flow: 25L

Question 10

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Answer 10

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 11

What sac surrounds the heart?

Answer 11

Pericardial sac

Question 12

How many layers is the pericardial sac and what are they?

Answer 12

3: fibrous layer, partial, visceral

Question 13

What is the pericardial sac attached to inferiorly and superiorly?

Answer 13

Inferiorly: diaphragm. Superiorly: greater vessels

Question 14

What is the phrenic nerve?

Answer 14

originates in neck (C3-C5) passes down between lung/heart to diaphragm: important for breathing, passes motor information to diaphragm and receives sensory info from it

Question 15

What is the space between the pericardial parietal and visceral layer called?

Answer 15

pericardial space

Question 16

What does the pericardial space contain and what happens when there is too much?

Answer 16

Pericardial lubricating fluid. Too much = compress the heart due to inextensible fibrous layer = cardiac tamponade. Fluid needs to be drained

Question 17

What is the term given to removing fluid from the pericardial space?

Answer 17

pericardiocentesis

Question 18

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 18

posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta but anterior to the superior vena cava

Question 19

Where is the oblique sinus?

Answer 19

blind ending passage posterior to the heart formed by the reflections of the visceral and parietal pericardium onto the vessels traversing the space = forms an inverted U-shaped recess

Question 20

What is the vagus nerve?

Answer 20

tenth pair of cranial nerves

parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, digestive tract

Question 21

What structure makes up most of the anterior heart?

Answer 21

right ventricle

Question 22

What are the 2 main coronary arteries?

Answer 22

right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

Question 23

Where does the right coronary artery originate from?

Answer 23

Originating above the right cusp of the aortic valve.

Question 24

What groove does the right coronary artery travel down?

Answer 24

right atrioventricular groove, towards the crux of the heart

Question 25

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

Answer 25

RCA --\> right marginal artery (RMA) (anterior) RCA --\> posterior interventricular artery (Plv)

Question 26

Where does the left coronary artery originate from?

Answer 26

arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve

Question 27

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

Answer 27

LCA --\> left anterior descending (LAD) LCA --\> left marginal artery (LMA) + circumflex artery (Cx)

Question 28

What are the hearts auricles?

Answer 28

One auricle is attached to each anterior surface of the outer-walls of the atria. Visually, they look like wrinkled pouch-like structures. Purpose = increase atrium capacity = increase volume

Question 29

What is the coronary sinus?

Answer 29

Collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium). It delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

Question 30

Define anastomosis

Answer 30

is the connection of two normally divergent channels or tubes = vessels, intestines

Question 31

What are resistance vessels?

Answer 31

arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

Question 32

Anatomically where does the heart lie?

Answer 32

middle mediastinum

Question 33

What are the 2 basic rules for normal cardiac anatomy?

Answer 33

1) right sides structures lie mostly anterior 2) atrial chambers are located mostly to the right of their corresponding ventricles

Question 34

What are the hearts great vessels?

Answer 34

superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the aorta

Question 35

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 35

depression in RA, at level of interatrial septum, embryonic remnant of foramen ovale

Question 36

What 5 veins drain into the coronary sinus?

Answer 36

great cardiac vein, left marginal vein, left posterior ventricular vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein