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Anatomy Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What forms the roof of the mouth cavity

A

Hard palate

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2
Q

What forms the floor of the mouth cavity

A

Muscle- Mylohyoid muscle

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3
Q

Base of the tongue

A

Mandible and hyoid bone

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4
Q

What are teeth set in?

A

Sockets in the maxilla/mandible

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5
Q

Sockets are in

A

Alveolar process or ridge

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6
Q

What material are teeth covered in?

A

Enamel

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7
Q

What is the bone structure underneath the teeth?

A

Dentine

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8
Q

What type of joints are between teeth?

A

Strong fibrous joints- peg and socket

They are immovable

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9
Q

Teeth present in each quadrant

A

2 incisors
2 premolars
1 canine
3 molars

(2123)

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10
Q

Teeth in children

A 
Deciduous teeth
Also four quadrants 
2 incisors
1 canine
2 molars

**NO premolars

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11
Q

What is the little fold of epithelium connecting lips to gums?

A

Frenulum

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12
Q

What is the soft tissue that has a muscle core

A

Buccinator muscles

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13
Q

Features of the mouth cavity

A 
Frenulum
Uvula
Buccinator 
Hard palate
Soft palate
Two folds- Palatopharyngeal fold
                  Palatoglossal fold
Palatine tonsil
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14
Q

Palatoglossal fold

A

Runs from the soft palate to posterior side of the tongue

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15
Q

Palatopharyngeal fold

A

Runs from soft palate vertically down towards the pharynx

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16
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

Mass of lymphoid tissue in the depression between palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal folds

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17
Q

Vestibule

A

Space between the cheeks and the teeth

This is normally kept close by the buccinator muscle

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18
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Sup and Inf longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

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19
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus

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20
Q

Actions of extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus- Protrude, depress, tip movement
Styloglossus- Retracts and elevates
Palatoglossus- Raises back part of tongue
Hyoglossus- Retracts and depresses

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21
Q

Which artery supplies the muscles of the tongue

A

Lingual artery (from external carotid)

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22
Q

Which nerve is the sensory supply to the anterior part of the tongue

A

Lingual

Posterior is glossopharyngeal

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23
Q

Pharynx where to where

A

Base of skull to C6

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24
Q

Skeletal landmarks for attachment of constrictor muscles

A

Pterygoid plate
Hyoid bone
Laryngeal cartilages

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25
Structure of pharynx
``` Epithelial lining Connective tissue (elastic) -Pharyngobasilar fascia Muscular wall -Buccopharyngeal fascia ```
26
Planes of reference in the abdomen
Hypochondrium Epigastrium Hypochondrium Lumbar Umbilical Lumbar Iliac Hypogastrium Iliac
27
Walls of the abdomen
Posterior wall- around the vertebrae | And another antero-lateral wall
28
Muscles of the abdomen: - ---> What ribs - ---> What direction - ---> extra info
External oblique ribs 5-12 downward and medial aponeurosis and the rolled up lower margin of the aponeurosis is the inguinal ligament Interior oblique ribs 9-12 upwards and medial Aponeurosis meets in the middle inguinal ligament provides support Transversus abdominis ribs 7-12 Horizontal direction lumbar fascia, iliac crest and ribs provides attachment Rectus abdominis Flat band, vertical and close to the midline From top of pubic crest to ribs 5,6,7
29
Rectus sheath
Three lateral aponeuroses meet in the midline and this white fibrous tissue is called Linea Alba - -> EO anterior to the rectus - -> IO splits in two, one anterior and one posterior - -> Transversus posterior **At the lower end, aponeuroses of all three muscles are anterior to the rectus
30
Linea alba
Meeting of three lateral aponeuroses in the midline as a white fibrous tissue
31
What does abdominal wall develop largely from?
Thoracic dermomyotomes
32
What supplies the anterior abdominal wall
Intercostal arteries from rib 5 | When they come across the oblique costal margin, they enter the wall
33
Arteries present in the rectus sheath
Superior epigastric Inferior epigastric Anastomosis between these two
34
What nerves supply the muscles, skin and parietal peritoneum of the abdomen
T7 to L1 ventral rami
35
What is EO supplied by?
Nerves from T5
36
Peritoneum?
Serous membrane with epithelium and connective tissue wrapped around the viscera forming a cavity
37
Mesentery and the colon
Ascending- None Transverse- horizontal Descending- no mesentery Sigmoid- Mesentery **Mesentery of the intestine also attaches obliquely
38
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Circular (contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict lumen and push bolus) - Superior pharyngeal constrictor - Middle pharyngeal constrictor - Inferior pharyngeal constrictor Longitudinal (shorten and widen pharynx and elevate larynx when swallowing) - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus - Salpingopharyngeus
39
Pterygomandibular raphe
Lower end of the pterygoid plate running to the mandible as a fibrous chord It is a fibrous structure where muscle fibres attach in each direction
40
Cricopharyngeus
This muscle relaxes to allow for the bolus to enter the oesophagus by relaxing the crico-oesophageal sphincter
41
Glands
Epithelial specialisations | Group of cells start proliferating away from the column and become hollow and tube forms.
42
Simple gland
Single unit, unbranched unit
43
Compound gland
Branched ducts- can be an organ in its own right
44
Serous gland
Euchromatic nuclei Pink apical portion, granular Blue basal portion
45
Mucous gland
Pale cytoplasm | Peripheral cells
46
Combined acini
Tubular with serous terminal portion Serous "demilune" of Heidenhain Serous "crescent" of gianuzzi
47
Three glands salivary
Parotid- largest, in front of the ear, serous Sublingual- mucous Submandibular- mixed
48
Parts of the stomach
Fundus Body Pyloric antrum Pyloric canal
49
Sphincters
Cardiac sphincter- does not show thickening but prevents reflux into the oesophagus. It is a functional sphincter Pyloric sphincter- thickening of circular smooth muscle, controlled by autonomic NS
50
Rugae
Folds of mucosa within the stomach
51
Where is the major part of the small intestine located
In the intrafolic compartment between ascending and descending colon
52
Colon features
Begins as caecum Vermiform appendix hanging from here Hepatic and splenic flexures and transverse colon in between
53
Special features of the colon
Haustrations | Taeniae coli
54
Three main arteries supplying the abdomen
Coeliac- oesophagus, stomach and half duodenum SMA- rest of small intestine and upto left flexure IMA- remaining colon, rectum and part of anal canal
55
Blood supply of the stomach
Coeliac artery Anastomoses along curvatures Fundus- short branches from splenic artery
56
Blood supply to small intestine
``` Jejunum and ileum- Superior mesenteric artery. Straight branches (vasa recta) penetrate to submucosa ```
57
Blood supply of the colon
SMA - Ileocolic - Right colic - Middle colic IMA - Left colic - Sigmoid
58
Nerve supply to the gut
Parasympathetic- vagus until SMA territory | Sympathetic- sphlanchic nervesf
59
Histology of the small intestine
Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli (brush border) Lamina propria at the core Lacteal (capillary like structure in the middle) Crypts within lamina propria
60
Paneth cells
cells with granular cytoplasm- phagocytic in nature
61
Brunner glands
Present in the duodenum Mucous glands Pale cytoplasm **All the acid-laden contents of the stomach is neutralised by this
62
Peyer's patches
characteristic of the ileum
63
Which lobe do caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver belong to
Left lobe
64
Couinod
Segments of the functional lobes based on the branching of portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct
65
What does portal vein drain
Abdominal GIT and spleen
66
What two veins combine into portal vein
Splenic vein and Superior mesenteric vein
67
Where do splenic vein and SMV combine?
Behind the duodenum (retroduodenal) and behind the neck of pancreas
68
How is oesophagus drained
By azygos system of veins *Abdominal oesophagus is drained by portal vein
69
Anal canal drainage
Proximal anal canal- IMV Distal anal canal- Internal iliac vein
70
Hartmann's pouch
Slight dilatation at the neck of the gall bladder
71
Phrygian cap
Folding of fundus on the body
72
Biliary system
Hepatic ducts (R + L) from the lobes --> common hepatic duct Then, cystic duct Cystic duct + Common hepatic duct --> common bile duct
73
Blood supply to the pancreas
Coeliac and SMA
74
Sphincter of Oddi
Combined sphincter for bile and pancreatic ducts. Opens at the major duodenal papilla
75
Spleen
Fully covered by peritoneum | Also has peritoneal connections to stomach and kidney

GIT (2 decks)

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