Anatomy Flashcards
(343 cards)
1
Q
number of vertebrae =
how many of each type?
A
33 7C 12T 5L 5S (fused) 4Co (fused)
2
Q
vertebra with odontoid process
A
C2
3
Q
vertebra with no body =
A
C1
4
Q
vertebra prominens =
it has no ___
A
C7
no transverse foramen
5
Q
types of movement at facet joints
A
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
6
Q
part of spine with most movement =
this is because it has the most ___ facet joints
A
C
horizontal
7
Q
less flexion and extension in T spine due to
A
ribs
8
Q
rotation at L spine is less than at T because
A
more vertebral facets
9
Q
spondylosis =
=>
A
intervertebral disca lose H2O with age
=> overload facet joints and 2ndry OA
10
Q
spinal pain in spondylosis is worse on ___
A
spine extension
11
Q
Rx that can help with non-multilevel spondylosis =
A
facet joint injections under fluoroscopy
12
Q
IV disc degeneration is most frequent at these 2 levels
A
L4/5
L5/S1
13
Q
acute prolapse of IV discs is most frequent at these two levels
A
L4/5
L5/S1
14
Q
acute IV disc prolapse is usually caused by __ motion -> __ tear = “twang” as is richly innervated > pain on __
most resolve in ___
A
lifting
annulus
coughing
3 months
15
Q
in spinal cord motor neurones originate ___ , their bodies lie in ___
A
anteriorly
anterior grey horn
16
Q
in spinal cord sensory neurones originate ___, their bodies lie in ___
A
dorsally
dorsal root ganglion
17
Q
motor and sensory neurones from spinal cord combine in ___
A
nerve root
18
Q
mixed nerve roots > mixed ___ > exit spinal collumn via ___
A
spinal nerve
IV foramen
19
Q
spinal cord ends at ___ level => ___
A
L1
cauda equina
20
Q
weakness, spasticity, increased tone and hyperreflexia are signs of a __
A
UMN lesion
21
Q
weakness, flaccidity, decreased reflexes are signs of a ___
A
LMN lesion
22
Q
2 pairs of nerve roots at each level in cauda equina =
A
exiting nerve root
traversing nerve root
23
Q
in cauda equina exiting nerve root lies _____ and exits ___ of ___
A
outside thecal sac
under pedicle of corresponding vertebra
24
Q
in cauda equina traversing nerve root lies ___ but ___ ( in __ recess) and becomes next levels ___
A
in thecal sac
anteriorly in lateral recess
exiting nerve root
25
in prolapsed IV disc exiting or traversing nerve root is more commonly compressed?
traversing
26
in a far lateral prolapse IV disc the ___ may be compressed
exiting nerve root
27
if nerve root that goes on to form the sciatic nerve is compressed =>
sciatica
28
signs of a prolapsed IV disc causing spinal cord/nerve root compression
radiculopathy (pain down dermatome)
sciatica
weakness in myotome
decreased reflexes
29
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for hip flexion
L2,3
30
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for hip extension
L5, S1
31
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for knee flexion
L5, S1
32
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for knee extension
L3, 4
33
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for ankle dorsiflexion
L4, 5
34
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for ankle plantarflexion
S1,2
35
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for ankle inversion
L4,5
36
spinal nerves that supply the myotome for ankle eversion
L5, S1
37
nerve roots compressed by osteophytes + hypertrophied ligaments in OA =>
spinal stenosis
38
s+s of spinal stenosis
radiculopathy/ neurogenic claudication
39
features of neurogenic claudication
burning
inconsistent distance
better uphill
no quick relief on rest
40
cauda equina syndrome =
pressure on all lumbosacral nerve roots - including those for bowel and bladder control
41
s+s of cauda equina syndrome
bilateral LMN signs
bladder and bowel dysfunction
saddle anaesthesia
loss of anal tone
42
erector spinae muscles (3)
iliocostalis
longissimus thoracis
spinalis thoracis
43
5 spinal ligaments =
```
anterior longitudinal ligaments
posterior longitudinal ligaments
ligamentum flavum
supraspinous ligaments
interspinous ligaments
```
44
of vertebral body + posterior longitudinal ligaments disrupted =
Chance # - v unstable and may need stabilised
45
level a lumbar puncture is taken at
| must puncture the __
posterior iliac crest L4
| ligamentum flavum
46
spinal anaesthesia is administered at which spinal level
| must puncture the __
PSIS S2
| ligamentum flavum
47
Sx options for sciatica or leg pain if not settled with ___ of management
discectomy/decompression
| 3 months
48
To be eligible for Sx for sciatic must have _+_+_
clinical s+s
| +ve MRI (on its own can be a false +ve)
49
nerves at risk in pelvic #s
pudendal and pelvic splanchnic (bowel and bladder
| sciatic
50
3 ligaments of pelvis
sacrospinous
posterior SI
sacrotuberous
51
superior larger pelvic bone =
ilium
52
head of femur has a ___ blood supply.
| ____ arteries susceptible to damage in intracapsular hip #s
retrograde
| retinacular
53
ring anastamoses of femur lies at ___ where ___ inserts
base of neck
| capsule
54
gluteus medius and minimus movement =
hip abduction
55
gluteus maximus movement =
hip extension and external rotation
56
quadriceps are supplied by which nerve ___
| do ___ if suspect rupture
femoral
| SLT
57
biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semi tendinosus supplied by which nerve
sciatic
58
adductors of the hip are supplied by which nerve
| it is responsible for referred pain from __ to __
obturator
| hip to knee
59
adductor hiatus in medial thigh contains
femoral artery and vein (pass through Hunters/subsartorial canal -> popliteal fossa)
and saphenous nerve
60
4 knee bursae
suprapatellar
infrapatellar
prepatellar
pes ansinerine
61
anterior compartment muscle of the leg are supplied by which nerve
deep peroneal /fibular nerve
62
lateral compartment muscles of the leg are supplied by which nerve
superficial peroneal
63
posterior compartment muscles of the leg are supplied by the ___ nerve
tibial
64
medial lig in ankle -
| laterals = (6)
```
medial = deltoid lig
lateral = calcaneofibular
lateral talocalcaneal
ant + ant inf + post tibiofibular
syndesmotic/interosseous
```
65
if have talar shift Rx =
fix with screws
66
lisfranc joints =
tarsometatarsal joints
67
Chopart joint =
midtarsal joint (talus to navicular and cuboid)
68
pronation of the foot =_+_+_
eversion, abduction and dorsiflexion
69
supination of the foot = _+_+_
inversion, adduction and plantarflexion
70
medial arch is formed by __+__
tibialis posterior and plantar fascia
71
lumbricals assist ___ at MTPJ and ___ of DIP and PIPJ
flexion MTPJ
| extension D/PIPJ
72
2 joints of shoulder
acromioclavicular
| glenohumeral
73
stabilisers of shoulder girdle =
capsule, rotator cuff and labrum
74
causes of shoulder impingement =
tendonitis
cuff tear
subacromial bursitis
ACJ osteophytes
75
labrum prevents humeral head ___
external rotation
76
Bankart lesion =
anterior shoulder dislocation with labrum detachment
77
if recurrent dislocation rx =
labrum repair
78
the most common nerve injured in anterior dislocation of the shoulder
which site?
axillary nerve at quadrangular space
79
badge patch sensation is by __
axillary nerve
80
anterior shoulder dislocation can press on __/___
axilalry artery
| brachial plexus
81
frozen shoulder aka
loss of ___ esp ___
can inject ___ when painful
adhesive capsulitis
ROM- external rotation
glenohumeral joint
82
if ___ is ruptured then ACJ becomes vv displaced
coracoclavicular ligaments
83
anterior muscles of arm and lateral forearm sensation = ___ nerve
musculocutaneous
84
strongest elbow flexor =
brachialis
85
strongest forearm supinator =
biceps brachii
86
anterior arm muscles =
brachialis, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
87
supplies all extensors of the upper limb =
| if damaged =>
radial nerve
| wrist drop
88
___ is susceptible to stretch injury in humeral shaft #
radial nerve
89
trochlea and olecranon are involved in which joint?
humero-ulnar
90
2 joints of the elbow =
humeroulnar
| radiocapitellar
91
common flexor origin of the forearm =
medial epicondyle
92
medial epicondylitis =
Golfer's elbow
93
common extensor origin of the forearm =
lateral epicondyle
94
lateral epiconylitis =
Tennis elbow
95
supracondylar # risks ___ +____
brachial artery occlusion
| median nerve injury (+radial and ulnar n too)
96
ulnar # with radio-capitellar dislocation =
Monteggia #
97
radial # with distal radio-ulnar dislocation =
Galeazzi #
98
anterior forearm is supplied by ___ nerve except FCU and ___ 1/2 of FDP = ___ nerve
median
| ulnar x2
99
flexor tendon sheaths in hand are covered in __+___ parts of fibrous sheaths
annular and cruriform
100
trigger finger =
nodule (synovitis) of flexor tendon sheath => inflammed pulley and can't get past
101
Rx of trigger finger =
divide pulley
102
intrinsic muscle of the hand are all supplied by __ nerve
| apart from ___ muscles = __ nerve
ulnar
LOAF Lumbricals 1 & 2, Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis and Flexor pollicis brevis (OAF = thenar eminence) = median nerve
103
FDS movement
flexion of PIPJ > MCPJ
104
FDP movement =
flexion DIPJ
105
central slip extensor tendon movement =
PIPJ extension
106
latereal slips extensor tendons converge to cause __
DIPJ extension
107
interossei and lumbricals insert into ____ and contribute to which two movements?
lateral bands
MCPJ flexion
PIPJ extension
108
central slip extensor tendon rupture or attrition =
Boutonniere deformity
109
PIPJ volar plate rupture/attrition, intrinsic muscle tightness =
Swan neck deformity
110
testing nerves: abductor pollicis brevis (press) and OK sign (FPL+FDP) = __ nerve
median nerve ( + anterior interosseous branch)
111
testing nerves: 1st dorsal interosseous, Froment's test (thumb pinch paper and pull) adductor pollicis = ___ nerve
ulnar
112
testing nerves = triceps, wrist flexion and extension, extend thumb = __ nerve
radial
113
superficial gluteal muscles and their function
gluteus maximus (extensors)
medius (Abductor and medial rotator)
minimus (Abd + medial rotation)
tensor fascia (abductor)
114
gluteus maximus is supplied by ___ nerve
inferior gluteus
115
gluteus minimus + medius and tensor fascia lata are supplied by ___ nerve
superficial gluteal
116
deep muscles of the gluteal region and their function =
```
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femori
lateral rotator and hip stabiliser
```
117
piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femori are supplied by ___ (nerves)
sacral plexus
118
nerves enter into gluteal region via:
| enter into perineum via:
```
gluteal = greater sciatic foramen
perineum = lesser
```
119
aim for the supralateral quadrant of gluteal region for ___
injections
120
Sciatic = __-___ nerves
| supplies __, all ___ and most of skin via ___
L4-S3
posterior thigh
all leg and foot muscles
tibia and common fibular branches
121
pudendal nerve (__-___) supplies ____ out via __ and in via ____
S2-4
perineum
out = greater sciatic foramen
in = lesser sciatic foramen
122
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh ( __-___) supplies skin over ____, ____, __ + ___
```
S1-3
posterior thigh skin
popliteal fossa
lateral perineum
upper medial thigh
```
123
scaitic nerve usually exits gluteal region inferior to ___ and is the most ___ nerve exiting the greater sciatic foramen
piriformis
| lateral
124
larger and medial branch off of the sciatic nerve
tibial
125
superior border of femoral triangle
inguinal lig
126
medial border of femoral triangle
lateral border of adductor longus
127
lateral border of femoral triangle
medial border of sartorius
128
floor of femoral triangle =
iliopsoas (lateral)
| pectineus (medial)
129
roof of femoral triangle =
fascia lata
130
lateral to medial the contents of the femoral triangle
Femoral: Nerve, Artery Vein lYmphatics
131
anterior compartment of thigh contains __+___ muscles
all supplied by __ nerve (_-_)
apart from ___ = _-_ nerves
flexors of thigh and extensors of leg
femoral (L2-4)
psoas major = L1-3
132
flexors of the thigh in the anterior compartment of the thigh
pectineus
iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus)
sartorius
rectus femoris
133
extensors of leg in anterior thigh compartment
Quads (vastus lateralis, medialis and intermedius, rectus femoris)
134
medial compartment of the thigh contains ___ muscles
all supplied by __ nerve (_-_)
apart from __ part of ___ = ___ nerve
adductors of the thigh
obturator (L2-4)
hamstring part of adductor magnus = tibial nerve
135
adductors of the thigh in medial compartment of the thigh
adductor longus, brevis and magnus
gracilis
obturator externus
136
Posterior compartment of thigh contains _+__ muscles
all supplied by __ nerve (_-_)
apart from ____ = ___ nerve
extensors of thigh
flexors of leg
tibial nerve (L5-S2)
short head biceps femoris = common fibular
137
extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg in posterior compartment of the thigh
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
138
anterior compartment of the leg muscles' functions -
| supplied by ___ nerve (_+_)
```
dorsiflexors and extensors of toe
deep fibular (L4+5)
```
139
anterior muscles of the leg =
tibialis anterior
extensor digitalis
hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
140
lateral compartment of the leg muscles' functions and nerve supply
evert foot and weakly plantarflex
| superficial fibular nerve (L5 - S2)
141
lateral muscles of the leg =
fibularis brevis and longus
142
nerve supply to posterior leg compartment
tibial nerve
143
superficial posterior leg muscles function =
| muscles =
plantarflexors
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
144
```
deep posterior leg muscles =
function =
```
popliteus
flexor hallucis and digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
145
superolateral border of popliteus fossa
biceps femoris
146
superomedial border of popliteus fossa
semimembranous
147
inferior border of popliteal fossa =
both heads of gastrocnemius
148
roof of popliteal fossa
popliteal fascia
149
contents of popliteal fossa
fat
terminal small saphenous vein (dives in to join femoral)
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves
150
superficial lymphatics of the leg follow the ____ to the ___ nodes to the ____ nodes
saphenous veins
superficial inguinal nodes
external iliac
151
deep lymphatics of the leg follow ___ to __ nodes to ___ nodes to ___ nodes
deep veins
popliteal nodes
deep inguinal nodes
external iliac
152
external iliac nodes drain to ___ nodes to ___ lymphatics
common iliac nodes
| lumbar
153
ligaments of the hip joint (spiral from pelvis to femur)
iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
154
ligament to head of femus =
ligamentum teres
155
blood supply to hip joint = ___> _+___ >___ arteries
deep femoral artery
medial and lateral cicrumflexes
retinacular
156
artery to head of femur = branch of _____ travels in ___
obturator artery
| ligamentum teres
157
3 articulations in the knee joint
2x tibiofemoral
| patellofemoral
158
achilles tendon is the tendon of __+__ and attaches to ___
| ankle jerk norm reflex = ___ and tests nerve roots ___
gastroc and soleus
calcaneal tuberosity
plantarflex (S1+2)
159
femoral sheath envelopes _+__ is a short tube of __+__ fascia from abdo wall for proximal sheath => blends with vessel adventitia
femoral artery and vein
| transversalis and iliopsoas
160
femoral nerve branches into ___ (sensory) to leave adductor canal between __+__
supplies
accompanies
```
saphenous nerve
gracilis and sartorius
fascia+skin anteromedial of knee and leg
medial foot
great saphenous vein
```
161
circumflex arteries pass __ to femoral neck and hip joint capsule
emerge from ___ artery
superiorly
| profunda femoris
162
inguinal lig lies at the inferior border of ____
| runs between __+__
external oblique aponeuosis
| ASIS and pubic tubercle
163
attachments of iliopsoas
proximally = iliac fossa (iliacus)
lumbar transverse process/IV discs (psoas)
distal = lesser trochanter of femur
164
sartorius attachments =
ASIS
| medial surface of proximal tibia (via pes anserinus
165
most medial of adductor group of muscles in thigh =
gracilis
166
only hamstring to cross knee and hip =
gracilis
167
adductor brevis and longus lie __ to magnus and brevis lies ___ to longus
anterior
| superior
168
attachments of adductor thigh muscles
prox = pubis, ischiopubic ramus
hamstring part of magnus -> ischial tuberosity
distal = posterior surface of femur shaft along linea aspera
adductor part of magnus > adductor tubercle of tibia
169
obturator nerve a+v enter medial thigh compartment via ___ of hip bone
obturator foramen
170
obturator nerve divides into ant and post branches at ____
adductor brevis upper border
171
anterior branch of obturator nerve lies with ___ anteriorly and ___ posteriorly
in ___ part of medial compartment of thigh
anteriorly = adductor longus
posteriorly = adductor brevis
superior
172
sensory innervation of the thigh = (3)
anterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (femoral branch (L2-4)
lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (lumbosacral plexus branch (L2-3)
cutaneous branch of obturator nerve (L2-4)
173
lymph follows great saphenous drains to ___ nodes > ___ nodes
superficial inguinal nodes
| externaliliac nerves
174
lymph follows small saphenous veins to __ nodes > ___ nodes > ___ nodes
popliteal nodes
deep inguinal nodes
external iliac nodes
175
gluteus maximus attachments =
```
iliac crest
sacrum
sacrotuberosity
coccyx
iliotibeal tract
gluteal tuberosity of femur
```
176
attachment of glueteus medius and minimus
external/gluteal/post aspect of ilium
| anterolateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur
177
__+__ = functions of gluteus medius and minimus
abduct and internally rotate
178
inferior gluteal bundle contains:
supplies __
and lies ___ to it
inf gluteal nerve (L5 - S2), artery and vein
gluteus maximus
deep
179
superior gluteal bundle contains:
supplies
and lies __ to ___
superior gluteal artery, vein and nerve(L5-S2)
supplies: gluteus medius and minimus
deep to medius
180
iliotibial tract = ____
| runs from __ to _____
fascia lata
ASIS
lateral aspect of lateral tibial condyle at Gerdy tubercle
181
Sciatic (__-___) forms in ____ of pelvis and emerges into ___ of gluteal region
L4-S3
lumbosacral plexus
middle
182
pudendal (__-__) forms in ____ in pelvis
| block is for ___ procedures
S2-4
sacral plexus
obstetric
183
PCNT (__-__) forms in ___ emerges ___ of gluteal region
| ___ nerve with __+__ fibres
```
S1-3
sacral
middle
somatic
sensory and sympathetic
```
184
take lumbar puncture from ___ level with patient on their side and knees up to chin
L3/4
185
conus medullaris ends at ___
L1/2
186
lateral head of biceps femoris distally attaches to ____
| other 3 hamstring muscles attach to ___
lateral aspect of fibular head
| ischial tuberosity
187
3 reasons why the short head of the biceps femoris isnt a true hamstring muscle
doesnt cross the hip
attaches prox to linea aspera of femur
supplied by common fibular nerve
188
ligamentum teres attaches __ to ___
head of femur to depth of acetabulum
189
small saphenous vein end at the ___
popliteal fossa
190
popliteal vein is a continuation of
posterior tibial vein
191
neurovascular bundle contents of popliteal fossa superficial to deep:
```
tibial nerve
popliteal vein (lymph nodes next to vein) + artery
```
192
common fibular nerve skirts lateral border of ___, deep to ___ tendon and leaves ___ between that tendon and lateral head of ____ -> ___ and winds down => __+__ nerves
```
popliteal fossa
biceps femoris
fossa
gastroc
fibular neck
deep and superficial fibular nerves
```
193
```
sural nerves lie in ___
supply
tibial branches to =
common fibular branches to =
communicate via ___
```
```
popliteal fossa
posterolateral skin and fascia of leg and foot
medial sural cutaneous nerve
lateral scn
sural communicating branch
```
194
__+___ combine to form sural nerve -> leaves popliteal fossa and goes beside ___ in superficial fascia of post leg
medial scn and sural communicating branch
| small saphenous vein
195
in popliteal fossa tibial nerve gives branches to ___+___+__
two heads of gastroc
plantaris
popliteus
196
popliteus lies __ to plantaris
deep
197
plantaris lies __ to __ head of gastroc
deep
| lateral
198
need __ flexion and ___ to feel popliteal pulse
30 degree
| relaxed hamstrings
199
leaving posterior compartment to sole by passing posterior to medial malleolus and deep to flexor retinaculum = (anterior to posteriorly)
```
Tom Dick ANd Harry
tendons of Tibialis post, fDl,
posterior tibial Artery
tibial Nerve
tendon of fHl
```
200
gastroc is a weak __ and powerful __+__
knee flexor
| ankle plantar and flexor
201
soleus attachments =
neck of fibula
| soleal line of tibia and calcaneus
202
gastroc attachments
calcaneus
| medial and lateral femoral condyles
203
FHL FDL and TP attach proximally to tibia ___, ___ of fibula and ____
inferior to soleal line
midshaft
interosseous membrane
204
distally Tibialis posterior attaches to
tarsal bones
205
distally FDL attaches to
distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes
206
distally FHL attaches to
distal phalanx of great toe
207
ant tibial artery pierces ___ to supply __ compartment of leg
interosseous membrane
| anterior
208
___ nerve supplies all compartments and intrinsic muscles of the foot
Sciatic
209
flexion of the knee = __+__ muscles and __+__ nerves
hamstrings and gastroc
| tibial and common fibular nerve
210
extension of knee is by __ muscle + __ nerve
quadriceps
| femoral
211
when 90degree flexed medial rotation of the knee is by __+__ muscles and __+___ nerves
hamstring and gracilis
| tibial and obturator
212
when 90 degrees flexed lateral rotation of the knee is by ___ muscle + _+_ nerves
biceps femoris
| tibial and common fibular nerve
213
menisci are thicker ___ where attach to ___
peripherally
| fibrous capsule
214
menisci are point attached __+__ to ___ area
| inner areas are unattached to bone and v thin
anterior and posterior
| tibial intercondylar area
215
medial menisci attaches to
MCL
216
unhappy triad =
MCL and ACL rupture with medial meniscal tear
217
ACL passes _+_+_ to lateral femoral condyle
superior
lateral
posterior
218
PCL lies ___ to ACL passes __+__ to medial femoral condyle
medial
| superior and anterior
219
massage test tests
suprapatellar bursa
220
superficial fibular nerve supplies ___
lateral compartment leg muscles
| skin+ fascia of foot dorsum
221
deep fibular nerve supplies __+__
anterior compartment leg muscles + 1st interdigital cleft skin
222
muscles of anterior leg attach to _+_+_ proximally
tibia
fibula
interosseous membrane
223
Tibialis anterior distal attachments
base of 1st MT and medial cuneiform
224
distal attachment of EHL
distal phalanges of big toe
225
fibularis tertius distal attachment
base of 5th MT
226
dorsiflexion of ankle great toe and digits + inversion of foot is the function of __+__
tibialis anterior and posterior
227
eversion of the foot is the function of
fibularis tertius, fibularis longus and brevis
228
fibularis longus and brevis attach to __+__+___
fibula
| plantar surface of base of 1st (longus) and 5th MT (brevis)
229
subtalar joint = __+__
talus and calcaneus
230
midtarsal joints =
| are __ joints and function =
calcaneocuboid and talocalcaneonavicular
synovial
inversion and eversion
231
tarsometatarsal J are between:
cuneiforms and cuboid to MTs
232
MTPJ are ___ joints
| functions =
synovial
flexion, extension
abduction adduction and circumduction of digits
233
IPJs in foot are __ ___ joints and movements =
synovial
hinge
flexion
extension
234
medial longitudinal arch is formed by which bones
```
calcaneus
talus
navicular
3 cuneiforms
1-3 MTs
```
235
medial longitudinal arch is supported by ___ and attachments of __+__
FHL
| fibularis longus + tib ant
236
lateral longitudinal arch bones =
calcaneus
cuboid
MT 4+5
237
transverse arch of the foot bones =
| supported by
cuboid cuneiform and 5MTs
| fibularis longus, tib post
238
intrinsic muscles of the foot:
__ layers of the sole (movement = __)
__ interossei between MTs (__/__ toes)
__ dorsal muscles = ___ of the toes
```
3 = flexion
7 = ab/adduct
2 = short extensors
```
239
dorsalis pedis is from the ___ artery
pulse felt __ to ___
branches => ___ artery on dorsum
anterior tibial
lateral
EHL tendon
arcuate
240
medial and lateral plantar arteries are from ___ artery
| contribute to ___
posterior tibial
| deep plantar arch
241
deep plantar arch + arcuate artery => ____ arteries > ___ arteries (4 per toe)
MT
| digital
242
superficial veins of the foot:
| ___ > __+__ saphenous veins
dorsal venous arch
| great (medial) small (lateral)
243
deep veins of the foot:
| accompany __ of the foot = _+_+_ veins
arteries
| anterior and posterior tibial + fibular veins
244
motor nerve to muscles of the foot sole =
tibial nerve
245
motor nerve to foot dorsum muscles =
deep fibular
246
sensory nerves (4) to foot dorsum =
mainly superficial fibular nerve
deep fibular (first interdigital cleft)
sural (prox lat border)
saphenous (prox medial border)
247
plantar foot sensory nerves (3)
tibial (medial and lateral plantar) to heel and majority of sole
sural - prox lat border
saphenous - prox medial border
248
forearm has _+_+_ compartments
ant
post
lateral
249
anterior compartment of arm artery, vein and muscular nerve
brachial a+v
| musculocutaneous
250
posterior compartment of the arm artery, vein and muscular nerve
profunda brachii a +v
| radial nerve
251
anterior compartment forearm artery, vein and nerve
radial and ulnar arteries
venae comitantes
median (ulnar for some) nerve
252
posterior compartment of forearm artery vein and muscular nerve
interosseous artery
venae comitantes
radial nerve
253
median nerve supplies __ muscles in hand
| rest supplied by ___
```
LOAF - lateral 2 lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
ulnar nerve
```
254
upper trunk of brachial plexus = __+__
C5 and 6
255
middle trunk of brachial plexus =
C7
256
lower trunk of brachial plexus =
C8 and T1
257
brachial plexus = spinal nerves __-__
C5 - T1
258
POSTERIOR cord of brachial plexus(spinal nerves _-__) -> __+__
C5-T1
| axillary and radial nerves
259
lateral and medial cord of brachial plexus contribute to __ nerve
median
260
lateral cord (spinal nerves _-_) leads to __ nerve
musculocutaneous
| C5-7
261
medial cord of brachial plexus (spinal nerves __-__) leads to __ nerve
C8+T1
| ulnar
262
arteries in the arm = subclavian >__> ___ >
i. __>deep palmar arch
ii ___ > superficial palmar arch
axillary
brachial
radial = deep
ulnar = superficial
263
deep veins in arm
venae comitantes
| axillary and subclavian
264
venae comitantes in arm accompanies __
brachial artery
265
veins in arm:
subclavian > ___ > _+_+_
median cubital lies between __+___
axillary
cephalic + venae comitantes + basilic
basilic + cephalic
266
cephalic vein is more medial / lateral to basilic
lateral
267
anterior compartment muscles of the arm =
biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
268
coracobrachialis movement
shoulder flexion
269
biceps brachii movement =
supination of forearm
| flexion of elbow and shoulder (weak)
270
brachialis movement
elbow flexor
271
posterior compartment of the arm muscle
| movement
triceps
| shoulder and elbow extension
272
anterior compartment of forearm muscles
flexors and pronators (superficial and deep groups)
273
movements of posterior compartment muscles
extensors and supinators
| superficial and deep groups
274
flexion of the shoulder muscles =
deltoid anterior fibres
pectoralis major
(+coracobrachialis and biceps brachii)
275
extension of shoulder muscles =
```
posterior deltoid fibres
teres major
(+latissimus dorsi and triceps)
```
276
```
shoulder = __ dermatome
Armpit = __
```
C4
| T2
277
axilla = the pyramid inferior to ___ and superior to ___
| medial border = ___
shoulder joint
armpit hollow
superolateral chest wall
278
anterior axillary wall =
| lower border is inferior edge of _____
pectoralis major
| anterior axillary fold
279
axillary vein begins at inf border of ____
teres major
280
___ - inferior border corresponds to inferior edge of axilla
Teres major
281
teres minor contributes to axillary ___ wall
posterior
282
___ artery crosses 1st rib => ____ at lateral border of 1st rib
subclavian
| axillary
283
roots and trunks of brachial plexus mainly lie between __+___ msucles at ___
anterior and middle scalene
| root of neck
284
divisions of brachial plexus lie immudiately posterior to ___ in ___
subclavian vessels
| neck root
285
brachial plexus cords lie around ___
axillary artery
286
axillary nerve wraps around posterior of ___
humeral surgical neck
287
radial nerve wraps round posterior of __
mid-shaft humerus
288
part of deltoid responsible for shoulder extension
posterior / spinal part
289
part of deltoid responsible for shoulder abduction
middle / acromial
290
part of deltoid responsible for shoulder flexion
anterior / clavicular
291
Ascending trapezius function =
scapular depression
292
Middle trapezius function
retraction of scapula
293
descending trapezius function
scapula elevation
294
ascending and descending trapezius contract together to
superiorly rotate the glenoid fossa
295
levator scapula function = __+__
elevate scapula
| inferiorly rotate glenoid fossa
296
rhomboid major and minor function = __-___
retract scapula
| inferiorly rotate glenoid fossa
297
teres major function = __+___
adduct and medially rotate shoulder
298
Deltoid attachments
lateral 1/3 clavicle
inferior aspects of spine and acromium of scapula
humerus deltoid tuberosity
299
subacromial bursa lies between __+__
acromion process
| supraspinatus tendon
300
medial post arm sensory innervation
C8 - T2
301
tricep attachments
infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (long head)
superior (lateral head) and inferior (medial head) to radial groove of humerus
olecranon process of ulna
302
quadrangular space is between
```
teres minor (superiorly)
teres major (inferiorly)
triceps long head (medially)
humerus (laterally)
```
303
Axillary nerve supplies _+_+_
badge patch
deltoid
teres minor
304
axillary nerve = spinal nerves __
C5 +6
305
radial nerve = spinal nerves __
C5 -T1
306
SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF FOREARM POSTERIOR FUNCTIONS (2 SEPARATE GROUPS)
extend, abduct and adduct wrist
| extend fingers
307
deep layer of forearm posterior functions
extend and abduct thumb
| supinate forearm at radioulnar J
308
___ holds tendons in place across the wrist
flexor retinaculum
309
deep radial nerve goes into __ compartment of forearm winds round __
passes through ___ and then becomes ____ to posterior compartment muscles
posterior
radial neck
supinator muscle
posterior interosseous
310
attachments of biceps brachii
```
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula (long head)
coracoid process of scapula (short head)
radial tuberosity (biceps tendon)
blends with antebrachial fascia on medial oroximal forearm (bicipital aponeurosis)
```
311
long head of biceps tendon passes superiorly to ___ of humerus > enclosed in ___ > supraglenoid tubercle
intertubercular sulcus
| shoulder capsule
312
coracobrachialis is __ to biceps and __ to brachialis
deep
| medial
313
coracobrachialis attachments =
coracoid process scapula
| humerus
314
brachialis attaches __ to ___
humerus
| coronoid process of ulna
315
flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part (4th and 5th digits) of flexor digitorum profundus are only ant compartment forearm muscles supplied by __
ulnar nerve
316
actions of the muscles in the anterior forearm
flex, abduct and adduct wrist, flex fingers and thumb
| pronate radioulnar J
317
boundaries of cubital fossa
```
sup = transverse line between epicondyles of humerus
medial = pronator teres
lateral = brachioradialis
```
318
contents of cubital fossa =
```
tendon and aponeurosis of biceps brachii
median cubital vein
cephalic and basilic vein
median nerve
brachial artery
radial nerve
```
319
deep contents of cubital fossa medial to lateral
median nerve
brachial artery
radial nerve
320
ulnar nerve crosses___ of ___ of ___
posterior surface of medial epicondyle of humerus
321
ulnar nerve passes through ___ in cubital tunnel to reach the anterior forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris
322
antebrachial fascia of anterior forearm distally becomes ___ and then distally and deeper becomes ___
palmar carpal ligament
| flexor retinaculum
323
flexor retinaculum attaches __/___ to __+__
scaphoid/trapezoid
pisiform
hamate
324
flexor retinaculum fuses with distal tendon of ___
palmaris longus
325
prevents tendons bowstringing during flexion in the hand
flexor retinaculum
326
contents of carpal tunnel =
FDS FDP FPL tendons
| median nerve
327
each finger has ___ neurovascular bundles supplying it
4
328
___ attaches to middle phalanges
FDS
329
function of lumbricals
flex MCPJ and extend PIPJ
330
Palmar interossei ___ the digits
adduct (PAD)
331
dorsal interossei ___ the digits
abduct (DAB)
332
rotator cuff muscle that adducts and rotates arm laterally
teres minor
333
rotator cuff muscle that adducts and rotates arm medially
subscapularis
334
rotator cuff muscle that rotates arm laterally
infraspinatus
335
calcium, phosphate, ALP and PTH levels in osteoporosis and osteopetrosis are __
normal
336
in Pagets disease calcium, phosphate, ALP and PTH levels are __
normal but ALP raised
337
calcium, phosphate, ALP and PTH levels in osteomalacia
calcium and phosphate low
| ALP and PTH high
338
calcium, phosphate, ALP and PTH levels in primary hyperPT
Ca, ALP and PTH high
| phosphate low
339
calcium, phosphate, ALP and PTH levels in CKD (=>2ndry hyperPT)
Ca low
| ALP phosphate and PTH high
340
nerve to serratus anterior
| from spinal nerves __
long thoracic nerve
| C5-7
341
long thoracic nerve injury =>
winged scapula
342
waiters tip is due to ___ palsy
damage to ___ of brachial plexus
arm __ is __ rotated and elbow is ___
```
Erb-Duchenne
upper trunk (C5+6)
hangs
internally
extended
```
343
damage to lower trunk of brachial plexus (C8, T1) =
2 causes
ass with ___ syndrome
Klumpke injury
shoulder dystocia at birth
sudden upward jerk of hand
Horners
