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Cardiovascular > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Between the two layers of the serous pericardium

Fills with blood, can prevent the heart from contracting = cardiac tamponade

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2
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

Fluid is drained from a needle into the pericardial cavity

Needle inserted via the infrasternal angle, directed superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously

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3
Q

Transverse Pericardial Sinus

A

A space within the pericardial cavity posterosuperiorly, lies posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Used by surgeons to identify and isolate great vessels

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4
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

RIGHT - anterior surface, coronary groove (surface mark for tricuspid)
LEFT - found in anterior interventricular groove (between two ventricles)
Found just deep to the epicardium, first branch of aorta

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5
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

Short venous conduit in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly, receives deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

Aortic valve

A

2nd right intercostal space at the sternal edge

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7
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

2nd left intercostal space at the sternal edge

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8
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

4th left intercostal sternal at the sternal edge

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9
Q

Mitral Valve

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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10
Q

Autonomic Innervation

A

Sympathetic (increase heart rate and contractility)
Parasympathetic (decrease heart rate)
- These reach the heart via the cardiac plexus

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11
Q

Visceral Afferent Nerves

A
  • Pain fibres travel to the spinal cord alongside sympathetic nerves
  • Reflex afferents travel mainly in the vagus nerve
    Travel in cardiopulmonary splanchic nerves and cardiopulmonary plexus
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12
Q

Sympathetic Nerve Fibres

A
  • Presynaptic fibres travel down the spinal cord and exit in one of the thoracolumbar spinal nerves
  • Travel along the sympathetic chain either up, down or across to a ganglion
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13
Q

Nerves supplying the heart

A

The right and left vagus nerve
Cardiopulmonary splanchic nerves (from cervical and thoracic sympathetic chains)
Cardiac plexus

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14
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

Contains sympathetic, parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves > Organ

A 
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Facial Nerve (CN VII) 
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
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16
Q

Sacral Spinal Nerves

A

Carry messages to the lower abdomen, pelvis and peritoneum

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17
Q

Vagal Tone

A

Ensures a continuous background of action potentials to slow the heart rate

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18
Q

Cardiopulmonary Splanchic Nerves

A

Contain efferent and afferent sensory & motor functions

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19
Q

Pain (ANATOMICALLY)

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor
Afferent action potential
Reaches brain, pain felt according to the part stimulated

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20
Q

Somatic Central Chest Pain

A

SOMATIC STRUCTURES - muscular, joint, bony, intervetebral disc, fibrous pericardial and nerves
- Usually sharp, stabbing and well localised

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21
Q

Visceral Central Chest Pain

A

VISCERAL STRUCTURES - heart, great vessels, trachea, oesophagus, abdominal viscerae

  • Usually dull, aching, nauseating and poorly localised
  • Pain can also be radiating with pain felt in centre of chest and felt spreading from there to the upper limbs, back and neck
  • Can also be referred; felt only at an area remote to tissue damage
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22
Q

Pain Pathway in the cortex from somatic structures

Study These Flashcards
A

Post central gyrus of parietal lobe (body wall sensations

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (contraction of skeletal muscle)

23
Q

Somatic Pain Sources

Study These Flashcards
A 
Herpes Zoster = Shingles
Muscle Strain (pectoralis major, pericarditis, pleurisy, dislocated costochondral joint, costovertebral joint inflammation, slipped disc)
24
Q

Visceral Pain Sources

Study These Flashcards
A

Tracheitis, Oesophagitis, Aorta (ruptured aneurysm), Gastritis, Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis, Hepatitis, Heart (angina, MI)

25
Visceral Afferents from the heart
The visceral afferent enter the sympathetic trunks at cervical ganglia and the spinal cord from the heart at T1-T5 spinal nerves This is what causes radiating and referred pain
26
Radiating
Felt at the site of the pathology and radiating If the pain is somatic wall pain, the pain will radiate along the affected dermatome If from heart, the radiation is to the dermatomes supplied by spinal levels where the cardiac visceral afferents enter the sympathetic chain
27
Referred Pain
The pain is only felt at the site remote from the actual area of injury or disease - Due to sensory fibres from the somatic and visceral area entering the spinal cord at the same level - The brain choses to believe that pain is coming from the organs when it's actually coming from the soma
28
Myocardial Infarction
``` Irreversible death (necrosis) of part of the myocardium due to occlusion if it's arterial blood supply Right dominant pattern usually seen, can have extreme right dominant pattern (unusual) ```
29
Right Coronary Artery
Right Marginal Artery | Posterior Interventricular Artery
30
Left Coronary Artery
Circumflex Artery Left Anterior Descending/Anterior Interventricular Artery Left Marginal Artery
31
Mediastinum
A thoracic inlet that is bound by Ribs 1, T1 vertebra and the jugular notch
32
Transverse Thoracic Plane
Between the sternal angle and T4/5 intervertebral disc
33
Anterior Mediastinum
Located between the sternum and fibrous pericardium | Contains the thymus (thyoma, thymic carcinoma, lymphoma)
34
Middle Mediastinum
Contains the heart and pericardium & adjoining structures
35
Posterior Mediastinum
Contains: thoracic aorta, oesophagus, vagus nerves, thoracic duct, right/left sympathetic chains, azygous vein (intercostal veins > SVC)
36
Mediastinal Branches of the Aorta
Coronary Arteries > Brachiocephalic Trunk > Left Common Carotid Artery > Left Subclavian Artery
37
Branches from the thoracic aorta
Bronchial arteries > Oesophageal arteries > Mediastinal arteries > Pericardial arteries > Phrenic arteries
38
Lymphatic Vessels of the Mediastinum
Right lymphatic duct drains lymph into the right venous angle Thoracic duct drains into the left venous angle
39
Lymph from lungs
Drains into the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
40
Thoracic Duct
Continues posterior to the oesophagus, at the start in the abdomen is a swelling = cisterna chyli
41
Nerves on the Right
Right vagus nerve | Right phrenic nerve
42
Nerves on the Left
Left phrenic nerve | Recurrent laryngeal branch of left vagus
43
Superior Mediastinum
Brachiocephalic veins, SVC, Arch of Aorta, Trachea, Oesophagus, Thoracic Duct ANTERIOR > POSTERIOR Phrenic nerves, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve LATERAL > MEDIAL
44
Central Veins
Large veins close enough to the heart that the pressure reflects that of the right atrium Internal jugular veins, subclavian veins, brachiocephalic veins, S/IVC, iliac and femoral veins
45
Sternal Angle
Angle of Louis
46
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
``` RIGHT = hooks under the right subclavian artery - doesn't enter the chest LEFT = hooks under the arch of the aorta - does enter the chest ```
47
Phrenic Nerves
Formed from combined anterior rami of C3-5 - Form somatic motor to the diaphragm - Form somatic sensory to mediastinal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura/peritoneum and fibrous pericardium
48
Vagus Nerve Fibres
- Somatic sensory nerves (palate, laryngopharynx, larynx) - Somatic motor nerves (pharynx, larynx) - Parasympathetic nerves (thoracic and abdominal organs) - Once of recurrent laryngeal branch off, only contain parasympathetic fibres
49
Referred pain from the diaphragm
example. liver abscess - Irritates the parietal peritoneum lining the inferior surface of the diaphragm - Supraclavicular nerves (C3,4) supplying the dermatomes over the shoulder tip and enter the spinal cord at the same levels of the phrenic nerve - Refers the pain to the more superficial structure (skin over the shoulder tip)
50
Arterial Access
``` Femoral artery Radial artery (cannulation for arterial BP/ABG) Subclavian artery (cardiac pacing wire) ```
51
Venous Access
``` Internal Jugular Vein (insertion of central line - ultrasound) Femoral Vein (central line) ```
52
Epicardium (alternative name)
Visceral Serous Pericardium
53
Layers of the heart
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
54
Venous Angle
Between the subclavian and internal jugular vein

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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