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Otology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

components of the temporal bone (4)

A

squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic.

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2
Q

name the prominence of the superior semicircular canal on the middle fossa floor

A

arcuate eminence

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3
Q

Potential paths of tumor spread from EAC (3)

A

Bony-cartilaginous junction, the foramen of Huschke (to infratemporal region and deep lobe of parotid), and the fissures of Santorini (to superficial lobe of parotid).

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4
Q

Middle ear landmarks of the facial nerve (3)

A

Cochleariform process, the oval window, and the pyramidal eminence

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5
Q

What is the most vulnerable portion of the ossicular chain

A

long process of the incus, because has a single nutrient vessel and lacks collateral circulation

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6
Q

Where is the supratubal recess located

A

At the anterior extreme of the attic and superior to

the opening of the eustachian tube

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7
Q

Importance of supratubal recess

A

It is the site in which cholesteatoma or blind surgical dissection can injure the facial nerve. The geniculate ganglion is located just deep to its medial wall and may be dehiscent.

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8
Q

Why is the labyrinthine segment of facial so vulnerable to injury (3)

A
  1. watershed vertebrobasilar/external carotid circulation,
  2. narrow bony canal,
  3. proximity to the genicular ganglion where herpetic infections and traumatic distortion may produce nerve swelling and entrapment
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9
Q

Wha is used as a surface landmark that

estimates the location of the middle fossa floor?

A

Temporal line, located about 5 mm inferior to the lowest level of the middle fossa floor.

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10
Q

the jugular foramen is formed by

A

petrous and occipital bones

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11
Q

parts of jugular foramen and who separates them

A

Pars venosa (ant) and pars nervosa (post). Separated by jugular spine

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12
Q

What marks the superiormost limit of the jugular foramen?

A

The cochlear aqueduct, medial to jugular spine and opens into the scala tympani at the cochlear base

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13
Q

What CN enters adjacent to the opening of the cochlear aqueduct?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

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14
Q

where does the Jacobson’s nerve come from?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve

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15
Q

What separates the carotid from the jugular bulb?

A

the Keel

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16
Q

a landmark for the main trunk of the facial nerve as it exits the temporal bone

A

tympanomastoid suture line

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17
Q

Blood supply of the external ear

A

posterior auricular and superficial temporal vessels fro external carotid

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18
Q

Hillocks of His derivates from 1rt branchial arch

A

tragus and helix. Auriculotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

hillocks of His derivates from 2nd branchial arch

A

antihelix, antitragus, lobule, and

inferior helix. Cutaneous branch of the facial nerve

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20
Q

Layers of the tympanic membrane (4)

A

skin (ectoderm)
outer radidated fibrous layer (manubrium inserts)
deeper circular fibrous layer (mesoderm)
Middle ear mucosa (endoderm)

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21
Q

where is the sinus tympani

A

a recess that lies posterior to the oval and round windows, and medial to the vertical facial nerve.

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22
Q

Importance of sinus tympani

A

may have occult cholesteatoma

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23
Q

structure attached to the pyramid eminence, where is located

A

Stapedial tendon and just anterior to the second genu of the facial nerve

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24
Q

divisions of the epitympanum (3)

A

(1) Prussak’s space, medial to pars flaccida and
lateral to the head and neck of the malleus;
(2)anterior compartment to the malleus;
(3) the posterior compartment, which communicates with the antrum

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25
Q

VII CN General visceral efferent fibers (3)

A
  1. nervus intermedius: lacrimal gland
  2. greater superficial petrosal nerve and
    pterygopalatine ganglion: seromucious glands in nose
  3. chorda tympani and the submandibular ganglion: Submandibular and sublingual glands
26
Q

VII CN special sensory fibers

A

Chorda tympani–taste: anterior two thirds of the tongue greater superficial petrosal nerve–tonsillar
fossae and palate

27
Q

VII CN somatic sensory fibers

A

sensation to touch of the EAC and conchal skin of the auricle

28
Q

VII CN special visceral efferent fibers

A

facial expression, the stapedius muscle, stylohoid

muscle, and posterior belly of the digastric

29
Q

How is the cochlea organized?

A

Tonotopically, low freq in apex and high in base

30
Q

Describe afferent auditory neurons

A

Bipolar, body in spiral ganglion and connect the hair cells to the central auditory system.

31
Q

Name of bone that allows the auditory nerve fibers from the IAC to the hair cell synapse

A

Modiolus -core of the cochlea-

32
Q

what does divide the spiral lamina?

A 
partial division of upper and lower cochlear chambers:
     Scala vestibuli (upper) and scala tympani (lower)
33
Q

Which scala does the round window go?

A

marking entrance to scala tympani of cochlea; vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering inner ear through oval window; allows fluid in cochlea to move ensuring that hair cells of basilar membrane will be stimulated for audition.

34
Q

stapedius muscle

A

1:2 tympanic muscles of ear; attached to the stapes & pulls stapes posteriorly to tighten ossicular chain with contraction of tensor tympani muscle to reduce range of movement of tympanic membrane & transmission of lower frequency sounds

35
Q

tensor tympani muscle

A

2:2 tympanic muscles of ear; extends from anterior wall of middle ear space; inserts into upper manubrium of malleus; contracts to pull malleus anteromedially; contracts with stapedius muscle to reduce range of movement of tympanic membrane & transmission of lower frequency sounds

36
Q

utricle

A

w/in vestibular system 2:2 larger compartments (1:2 saccule; 2:2 utricle); filled with small stones, otolyths, & fluid used to stimulate hair cells inside compartments; responsible for detecting acceleration of the head in a particular direction by detecting displacement of fluid

37
Q

saccule

A

w/in vestibular system 1:2 larger compartments (1:2 saccule; 2:2 utricle); filled with small stones otolyths & fluid used to stimulate hair cells inside compartments; responsible for detecting acceleration of the head in a particular direction by detecting displacement of fluid

38
Q

scala vestibuli

A

1:3 inner chambers of cochlea spiral; filled with perilymph; separated from scala media by Reissner’s membrane; extends from vestibule of the ear to helicotrema where it joins scala tympani

39
Q

scala tympani

A

3:3 inner chambers of cochlea spiral; filled with perilymph; separated from scala media by basilar membrane; ends at round window & basil end; meets with scala vestibuli at the helicotrema at apex of cochlea

40
Q

osseous spiral lamina

A

thin bony shelf that winds around modiolus like thread of a screw; projects halfway across cochlear canal; creates division of scala vestibuli & scala tympani; forms point of attachment for scala media

41
Q

scala media

A

membranous labyrinth of cochlea; resides between scala vestibule & scala tympani; houses organ of corti: center organ of hearing & tectorial membrane; filled with endolymph; also called cochlear duct

42
Q

cochlear duct contents

A

Reissner’s membrane, basilar membrane, organ of Corti, outer hair cells, inner hair cells, spiral limbus, tectorial membrane, stereocilia, traveling wave

43
Q

organ of Corti

A

organ of hearing; resides on basilar membrane within scala media; contains 1 row of inner hair cells & 3 rows of outer hair cells

44
Q

outer hair cells

A

3 rows of hair cells w/in organ of Corti; stereocilia on top of hair cells are embedded into the tectorial membrane; send Fz to CN VIII when bent from sound wave

45
Q

inner hair cells

A

1 row separated from outer hair cells by tunnel of Corti; multiple nerves are attached to each hair cell; not embedded in tectorial membrane

46
Q

tectorial membrane

A

overlays stereocilia of organ of Corti; originates at spiral limbus; stimulated by wave of endolymph fluid within scala media & moves stereocilia of outer hair cells embedded in it & creates enough movement to stimulate inner hair cells

47
Q

traveling wave

A

wave action of basilar membrane; when basilar membrane moves, it creates a travelling wave along and within basilar membrane; wave is strongest where perilymph wave of the scala vestibuli reached its peak

48
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

CN VIII auditory nerve; extends from brainstem into cochlea; tons and tons of nerve fibers extend from CN VIII to innervate inner and outer hair cells; 10 CN VIII nerve fibers to 1 inner hair cell & 10 outer hair cells to 1 CN VIII nerve fibers; Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor); stereocilia bend away from modiolus, release of glutamate; accumulation of glutamate leads to neural firing

49
Q

selective enhancement

A

strengthening of some Hz’s of incoming signal and weakening or dampening other Hz; select energy at resonant frequency of chamber: reject energy at other frequencies & boosts strength of signal through resonance at resonant frequency; pinna & external auditory meatus amplify frequencies between 1,500Hz and 8,000Hz same as speech Hz; amplifies ~ 20dB; passive enhancement

50
Q

resonant frequency

A

frequency of stimulation to which a resonant system responds most vigorously, depending on the shape of system

51
Q

impedance matching

A

middle ear mechanism increasing pressure of signal arriving to cochlea to counter act loss of spl when energy converts from air to physical to fluid based

52
Q

shearing action

A

outer hair cells’ stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane are bent

53
Q

superior olivary complex

A

SOC; 2nd step of afferent process for 2:3 pathways from CN (1 bipasses SOC to IC); locates sound origin: 1) measures time difference in sound arrival btwn ears; 2) measures amplitude difference btwn ears

54
Q

IC; 2nd & 3rd step of afferent information; crossover to opposite sides of CNS; re-integration of information;

A

Inferior colliculus

55
Q

medial geniculate body

A

MGB; 4th step of afferent acoustic information; located in thalamus; projects information to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

56
Q

cerebral cortex

A

final afferent destination of acoustic information; within in temporal lobe; houses Heschl’s gyrus: primary reception of acoustic information; also tonotopic mapping;

57
Q

3 functions of outer ear

A

1) collect sound; 2) boost frequencies 1,500 - 8,000Hz; 3) boost intensity of these frequencies ~20dB

58
Q

impedance

A

resistance to the flow of energy; 3 methods to counter impedance: 1) Large TM to small Oval Window: +25dB; 2) Lever difference; malleus to stapes:+2dB; 3) Buckling TM, comparatively less malleus movement: +4 to 6dB = ~31dB increase

59
Q

innervation of hair cells

A

Afferent (sensory) innervation: 1 inner hair cell is innervated by up to 10 VIII nerve fibers; 1 outer hair cell shares innervation by 1 VIII nerve fiber with 10 other outer hair cells; from cochlea up
Efferent (motor) innervation: Inhibitory effect to reduce afferent activity caused by hair cell stimulation; from brain down

60
Q

Neural Pathways

A

1) Cochlea Nucleus (CN) 1st step of processing sound; in dorso-lateral (lower) brainstem; 2) SOC 2nd step for 2:3 pathways from CN: binaural interaction & locates sound origin; 3) IC 2nd step for 1:3 pathways from CN & 3rd step for 2:3 that stopped at SOC; all acoustic info is integrated back together; also where they crossover (decussate) to opposite sides of CNS; IC higher up on brainstem; 4) MGB; 4th step of afferent acoustic information; located in thalamus; projects information to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe 5) final step to Heschl’s gyrus & cerebral cortex

Otology (1 decks)

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