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Anatomy Flashcards

(168 cards)

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1
Q

Spinal curvatures

A 
Cervical lordosis (2y)
Thoracic kyphosis (1y)
Lumbar lordosis (2y)
Sacral kyphosis (1y)
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2
Q

First palpable spinous process

A

C7 - vertebra prominens

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3
Q

Palpable osteology of the posterior pelvis

A

Iliac crests

Posterior superior iliac spines

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4
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

Between sacrum and ischial tuberosity

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5
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

Between sacrum and ischial spine

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6
Q

Nervous supply of gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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7
Q

Nervous supply of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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8
Q

Inferior gluteal neurovascular bundle

A

Inferior gluteal

  • artery
  • vein
  • nerve
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9
Q

Superior gluteal neurovascular bundle

A

Superior gluteal

  • artery
  • vein
  • nerve
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10
Q

Root of sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3

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11
Q

Spliting of sciatic nerve

A 
Tibial nerve (medial)
Common fibular (lateral)
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12
Q

Root of pudenal nerve

A

S2-4

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13
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

S1-3

Supplies skin over the posterior thigh

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14
Q

Superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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15
Q

Deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli (inferior and superior)
Quadratus femoris

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16
Q

Iliotibial tract

A

Runs from ASIS to the lateral tibial condyle

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17
Q

Role of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

Extensors, abductors, medial rotators of the thigh

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18
Q

Trendelenburg Gait

A

Abnormal gait
Found in those with weak abductor muscles of the hip (supplied by superior gluteal nerve)
- No motor function of these muscles

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19
Q

Role of the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Lateral rotators of the thigh
‘Hip stabilisers’
They hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum: hold the hip joint in place

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20
Q

Entry point of the nerves supplying the pelvis and perineum

A

Greater (pelvis) and lesser (perineum) sciatic foramen

- These are made up of the ligaments and the greater and lesser sciatic notches

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21
Q

Gluteal region and injections

A

Divided into four quadrants

Administered to the outer upper quadrant

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22
Q

Sciatic Nerve Supply

A

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
Most of the skin
= via the tibial and common fibular branches

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23
Q

Sciatic nerve and greater sciatic foramen

A

The most lateral exiting structure

Usually exits inferior to piriformis

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24
Q

Splitting of sciatic nerve

A

Usually occurs in the distal 1/3rd if the thigh

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25
Superior Boundary of the Femoral Traingle
Inguinal Ligament
26
Lateral Border of the Femoral Triangle
Medial border of sartorius
27
Medial Border of the Femoral Triangle
Lateral border of abductor longus
28
Floor of the Femoral Triangle
Iliopsoas and pectineus
29
Roof of the Femoral Triangle
Deep fascia
30
Span of the inguinal ligament
ASIS to the pubic tubercle
31
Inguinal ligament
Thickened inferior edge of the oblique aponeurosis
32
Contents of femoral triangle (L --> M)
Femoral nerve, artery and vein | Deep inguinal nodes
33
Compartments of the Thigh
Anterior, Medial, Posterior
34
Compartments of the Leg
Anterior, Lateral, Posterior
35
Flexors of the thigh
Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius
36
Extensors of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris
37
Nerve supply of pectineus
Femoral Nerve
38
Nerve supply of Iliopsoas
Femoral Nerve
39
Nerve supply of sartorius
Femoral Nerve
40
Nerve supply of quadratus femoris
Femoral Nerve
41
Supply of the psoas component of the iliopsoas muscle
L1-L3
42
Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius Quadriceps Femoris
43
Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
44
Adductors of the thigh
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
45
Split of adductor magnus
Adductor minimus | Hamstring portion
46
Nerve supply of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh (except hamstring portion of adductor magnus)
Obturator nerve (L2-4)
47
Nerve supply of the hamstring portion of adductor magnus
Tibial Nerve
48
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
Semitendinous Semimembranosus Biceps Femoris
49
Split of biceps femoris
Has a long and short head
50
Extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg
Semitendinous Semimembranosus Biceps Femoris
51
Nerve supply of muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh (except short head of biceps femoris)
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (roots L5-S2)
52
Nerve supply of short head of biceps femoris
Common fibular division of sciatic nerve
53
Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg
Tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius
54
Nerve supple of muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
Deep fibular nerve (L4-5)
55
Location of the common fibular nerve relative to the knee
Lateral to the knee Highly superficial Splits into the deep and superficial branches
56
Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg
Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis
57
Dorsiflexors of the ankle and extensors of toes
Tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius
58
Evert foot and weaklr plantarflex ankle muscles
Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis
59
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg
``` Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior ```
60
Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
61
Nerve supply of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
Tibial Nerve
62
Deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior
63
Nerve supply of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
Tibial Nerve
64
Plantarflexors of the ankle
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
65
Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle
Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior
66
Hip Joint (type)
Ball and socket joint Multiaxial Synovial Joint
67
Actions of the hip joint
Flexion-extension Abduction-adduction Medial-lateral rotation Circumduction
68
Ligaments of the hip joint
Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral
69
Ligementum teres
Doesn't stabilise the neck of femur | Carries the artery to the head of femur
70
Blood Supply of Hip Joint
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries | These anastomose together
71
Artery to the head of femur
Usually branch of obturator artery
72
Knee Joint Type
Hinge joint
73
Articulations of the knee joint
3 2 are femerotibial and 1 is femeropatellar - Between the tibial condyles and femur and patella and femur
74
Actions of the Knee Joint
Flexion-extension | Some medial-lateral rotation can occur if the knee is flexed
75
Stabiliser of the knee joint
Quadriceps femoris group
76
Extracapsular ligaments of the knee
Patellar ligament Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
77
Intraarticular ligaments of the knee
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament | - Often damaged, cross over each other
78
Menisci ligaments of the knee
Crescent shaped and made of fibrocartilage | - Usually medial and lateral
79
Superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa
Biceps femoris
80
Inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa
Gastrocnemius
81
Superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa
Semimembranosus
82
Roof of the popliteal fossa
Popliteal fascia
83
Contents of the popliteal fossa
Occurs posterior to the knee | - Contains lots of fat, terminal small saphenous vein popliteal vessels and tibial and common fibular nerves
84
Calcaneal Tendon
= achilles tendon | - It is the thickest and strongest tendon of the body
85
Contents of calcaneal tendon
Gastrocnemius | Soleus
86
Attachment of the calcaneal tendon
Calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
87
Superficial lymphatics
Follow to the saphenous vein | Drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes --> external iliac nodes
88
Deep lymphatics
Follow the deep veins | Popliteal lymph nodes --> deep inguinal nodes --> external iliac nodes
89
Plane movement
One plane of motion
90
Ellipsoid movement
Two planes of motion
91
Joints of the Upper Limb
``` Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular Glenohumeral Humeroulnar Radiohumeral Proximal radioulnar joint Distal radioulnar joint Radiocarpal ```
92
Sternoclavicular joint type
Saddle type
93
Acromioclavicular joint type
Plane type joint
94
Glenohumeral joint type
Ball and socket - similar to the hip
95
Elbow joint components and type
Radiohumeral Humeroulnar Hinge type joint
96
Radiohumeral joint type
Limited ball and socket joint | - limitation = annular ligament
97
Proximal radioulnar joint type
Pivot type
98
Distal radioulnar joint type
Pivot type
99
Radiocarpal joint type and contact points
Ellipsoid | Contact between the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones
100
Supination and the radius/ulna
The radius moves over the ulna | Muscle involved is the supinator
101
Adduction
Bring something toward the body midline
102
Abduction
Taking something away from the body midline
103
Joints of the Hand
PIP DIP CMC joints
104
1st CMC type and action
Saddle type | Allows for the thumb to have 90o rotation
105
5th MCP type
Condyloid
106
Function of the axioappendicular muscles
Join the upper limb to the skeleton
107
Only point of contact between the upper limb and the skeleton
Sternoclavicular joint
108
Axio-appendicular muscles
``` Trapezius Serratus Anterior Rhomboid major and minor Latissimus dorsi Subclavius Levator scapulae ```
109
Trapezius attachment and innervation
``` CN XI (accessory nerve) Attaches to thoracic and cervical vertebra, stretches across to the scapula ```
110
Serratus anterior innervation
Long thoracic nerve
111
Rhomboid minor and major innervation
Long thoracic nerve
112
Components of trapezius
Ascending, descending and transverse components
113
Latissimus dorsi function and innervation
Elevates the scapula | Dorsal scapular nerve
114
Innervation of the subclavius and levator scapulae
Dorsal scapular nerve
115
Function of rotator cuff muscles
Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa with 1/3rd of the humeral head in contact with the glenoid fossa at any one time
116
Attachment of the rotator cuff muscles
Greater or lesser tuberosity
117
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
118
Rotator cuff muscles that attach to the greater tuberosity
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor
119
Rotator cuff muscles that attach to the lesser tuberosity
Subscapularis
120
Compartments of the arm and forearm
Anterior and posterior
121
Clinical compartment of the arm
Lateral
122
Anterior compartment of the arm - muscles
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis
123
Anterior compartment of the arm - action
Flexion and extension of the arm and forearm
124
Anterior compartment of the arm - innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve
125
Posterior compartment of the arm - muscles
Triceps brachii - three heads
126
Heads of triceps brachii
Medial, lateral and long
127
Posterior compartment of the arm - action
Extend the arm and forearm
128
Posterior compartment of the arm - innervation
Radial nerve
129
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm - superficial layer
Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus
130
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm - intermediate layer
Flexor digitorum superficialis | --> attaches to the intermediate phalanx
131
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm - deep layer
Pronator quadratus Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus --> attaches to the distal phalanx
132
Origin of the anterior compartment muscles of the forearm
Medial epicondyle
133
Innervation of all except: Flexor carpi ulnaris (superficial) Medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum superficialis
Median nerve
134
Innervation of Flexor carpi ulnaris (superficial) Medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum superficialis
Ulnar nerve
135
Actions of the anterior compartment muscles
Flexion of the wrist and digits | Pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist
136
Posterior compartment of the forearm - innervation
Radial nerve
137
Actions of the posterior compartment of the forearm muscles
Extension of the wrist and digits | Supination, adduction and abduction of the wrist
138
Posterior compartment of the forearm - superficial layer
``` Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Aconeus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carp ulnaris Extensor digitorum ```
139
Posterior compartment of the forearm - deep layer
``` Supinator Extensor indicis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus ```
140
Eminences in the leg
Thenar eminence | Hypothenar eminence
141
Location of the thenar eminence
Below the thumb
142
Innervation of the muscles in the thenar eminence
Recurrent branch of the median nerve
143
Muscles of the thenar eminence
Adductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis
144
Innervation of the muscles in the hypothenar eminence
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
145
Muscles of the hypothenar eminence
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi
146
Two groups of intrinsic muscles
Lumbricals | Interossi
147
Function of the lumbricals
Intrinsic muscles of the hand | Flex the MCP joints and extend the IP joints
148
Attachment of the lubricals
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
149
Number of lumbricals
4
150
Innervation of 1st and 2nd (lateral) lumbricals
Median nerve
151
Innervation of 3rd and 4th (medial) lumbricals
Ulnar nerve
152
Number of interossei
7
153
Divide of interossei
4 Dorsal interossei - abduction of the digits | 3 Palmar interossei - adduction of the digits
154
Function of the interossei
Abduction and adduction of the digits
155
Innervation of the interossei
Ulnar nerve
156
Carpal Tunnel Boundaries
Flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones
157
Contents of the Carpal Tunnel
Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Median nerve
158
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Compression of the median nerve = weakness of the thenar muscles --> numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of 4
159
Origin of plexuses
Anterior rami
160
Origin of brachial plexus
C5-T1 | Passes through the axilla into the median arm
161
Association of the nerve cords of the brachial plexus
Brachial artery
162
Order of brachial plexus
Roots > Trunks > Divisions > Cords > Nerves
163
Trunks of the brachial plexus
C5-6 --> Superior C7 --> Middle C8-T1 --> Inferior
164
Cords
Medial Lateral Posterior
165
Nerves which come from the brachial plexus
``` Musculocutaneous Axiallary Radial Median Ulnar ```
166
Dermatomes which supply the upper limb
C5-8 and T1
167
Anastamoses of the arteries of the upper limb
Elbow - flexion pinches the vessels | Scapular
168
Vena comitantes
Paired nerves that use arterial pulsations to maintain venous return

Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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