Anatomy

Question 1

The diencephalon consists of what?

Answer 1

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 2

The pituitary gland comes off what structure?

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

Answer 3

Infundibulum

Question 4

What are the divisions of the pituitary?

Answer 4

Anterior

Posterior

Question 5

The pituitary fossa belongs to which bone?

Answer 5

Sphenoid bone

Question 6

Where does the pituitary fossa lie within?

Answer 6

Sella turcica

Question 7

What are the halves of the retina?

Answer 7

Temporal and nasal

Question 8

The optic chiasm is formed from?

Answer 8

Right and left optic nerves

Question 9

The optic chiasm lies over which structure?

Answer 9

Pituitary gland

Question 10

Light from the temporal/nasal retina will run cross the optic chiasm

Answer 10

Nasal

Question 11

A pituitary tumour can causes what?

Answer 11

Bitemporal hemianopia - loss of temporal vision

Question 12

What are the two main approaches for surgically accessing the pituitary fossa?

Answer 12

Transcranial (under frontal lobe)

Transsphenoidal (via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus)

Question 13

What are the three types of conchae?

Answer 13

Superior
Middle
Inferior

Question 14

Name the four types of paranasal sinuses

Answer 14

Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinuses

Question 15

The transsphenoidal approach requires fracture of which structures?

Answer 15

Nasal septum

Septum and roof of sphenoid sinus(es)

Question 16

What kind of fracture can provide access to the pituitary?

Answer 16

Le Fort I

Question 17

CN III is the ___ nerve?

Answer 17

Oculomotor

Question 18

CN IV is the ___ nerve?

Answer 18

Trochlear

Question 19

CN V is the ___ nerve?

Answer 19

Trigeminal

Question 20

CN VI is the ___ nerve

Answer 20

Abducent

Question 21

What substance lines the entire cranial cavity internally?

Answer 21

Dura mater

Question 22

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 22

A tough sheet of dura mater that tents over the cerebellum

Question 23

What is the diaphragm sellae?

Answer 23

A tough sheet of dura mater that forms a boundary between the pituitary gland and cranial fossa

Question 24

What drains venous blood from the cranial cavity into internal jugular veins?

Answer 24

Dural venous sinuses

Question 25

What connects the right and left cavernous sinuses to the pituitary gland?

Answer 25

Anterior intercavernous sinus

Question 26

Damage to the occulmotor nerve can cause?

Answer 26

Problems with eye movement and pupil dilation

Question 27

Damage to the trochlear nerve causes?

Answer 27

Problems with specific eye movements

Question 28

Damage to the trigeminal nerve causes?

Answer 28

Sensory facial symptoms and difficulty chewing

Question 29

Damage to the abducent nerve causes?

Answer 29

Problems with specific eye movements

Question 30

The thyroid gland consists of what?

Answer 30

``` 2 lobes (right and left) Isthmus ```

Question 31

Where do the thyroid lobes attach to?

Answer 31

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages and trachea

Question 32

Where are the four parathyroid glands found?

Answer 32

Posterior surfaces of thyroid gland's lateral lobes

Question 33

Where does a pyramidal lobe most commonly attach to?

Answer 33

Thyroid cartilage

Question 34

Embryologically, the thyroid gland develops from where?

Answer 34

Junction between anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

Question 35

The thyroid gland migrates where?

Answer 35

Inferiorly via thyroglossal duct

Question 36

Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?

Answer 36

Platysma muscles

Question 37

What are the fascial compartments of the neck?

Answer 37

Pretracheal fascia 2 carotid sheaths Investing fascia Prevertebral fascia

Question 38

What is contained within the pretracheal fascia?

Answer 38

Oeseophagus Trachea Thyroid gland

Question 39

What is contained within the carotid sheaths?

Answer 39

Vagus nerves Carotid arteries Internal jugular vein

Question 40

What is contained within the investing fascia?

Answer 40

Trapezius | Sternocleidomastoid

Question 41

What is contained within the prevertebral fascia?

Answer 41

Cervical vertebra

Question 42

The carotid sheaths are found where in the neck?

Answer 42

Anterolaterally either side of the thyroid

Question 43

The blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid glands come from which arteries?

Answer 43

``` Superior thyroid (branch of external carotid) Inferior thyroid (branch of thyrocervical trunk) ```

Question 44

What drains the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 44

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 45

What lymph nodes does lymph from thyroid and parathyroid glands drain into?

Answer 45

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 46

What are types of surgery performed on the thyroid?

Answer 46

Thyroidectomy | Endoscopic trans-axillary/breast approach

Question 47

In classic thyroidectomy, where is the incision made?

Answer 47

Superior to clavicles and jugular notch

Question 48

Unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?

Answer 48

Hoarseness and weak cough

Question 49

Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes what?

Answer 49

Aphonia (inability to produce sound) Inability to close rima glottidis Inability to produce cough

Question 50

What are the strap muscles?

Answer 50

Sternohyoid Omohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid