Anatomy Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
What is mastication
A
Chewing, by movement of jaw and tongue
2
Q
Function of buccinator
A
Thin, quadrilateral muscle occupying lateral wall of cavity. Helps push food side to side
3
Q
How are adult teeth classified
A
Maxilla and mandible can be split into two equal halves consisting of 8 teeth a side. Each quadrant has Incisor (2), Canine (1), Premolar (2) and Molars (3). 32 teeth in total
4
Q
Temperomandibular joint articulations
A
Articular tubercle, of temporal bone with condylar process of mandible in the mandibular fossa
5
Q
What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication
A
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, CN V3
6
Q
Muscles of mastication
A
Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral (Close) and Medial Pterygoid
7
Q
Course of CN V3
A
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, from pons, through foramen ovale, to muscles of mastication and sensory area
8
Q
What tonsils are present between arches of soft palate
A
Palatine tonsils
9
Q
What nerve is responsible for taste and which for general sensation in the tongue
A
CN VII - Facial nerve for taste and CN V3 - Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve for general
10
Q
Which papillae are responsible for taste
A
Medial to lateral - Fungiform, Vallate and Foliate
11
Q
Which papillae are responsible for general sensory
A
Filiform
12
Q
Course of facial nerve
A
CN VII, from pontomedullary junction. Travel though internal acoustic meatus then stylomastoid foramen.
13
Q
What does the facial nerve supply
A
Anterior 2/3rd of tongue, taste. Muscles of facial expression and glands in floor of mouth
14
Q
How is the tongue innervated
A
The anterior 2/3rd of the tongue has sensory innervation from the lingual nerve. This is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve along with the Chorda Tympani (part of facial nerve carrying taste information)
15
Q
Nerve supply to superior oral cavity
A
Maxillary nerve, CN V2
16
Q
Nerve supply to inferior oral cavity
A
Mandibular nerve, CN V3
17
Q
Sensory part of gag reflex vs motor part
A
Sensory part of the gag reflex is carried by nerve fibres CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve) and motor part by CN IX and CN X (Vagus nerve)
18
Q
What nerves are blocked when anaesthetic is sprayed in the oral cavity
A
CN V2, CN V3, CN VII and CN IX
19
Q
Does a conscious person have a gag reflex
A
No
20
Q
Course of maxillary nerve
A
From pons through foramen rotundum to sensory area of mid face
21
Q
Course of CN IX
A
Glossopharyngeal nerve, From medulla through jugular foramen to posterior wall of oropharynx (sensory), parotid gland (secretomotor) and posterior 1/3rd of tongue (sensation and taste)
22
Q
Where does the parotid gland secrete into
A
Upper 2nd molar
23
Q
Where does the submandibular gland secrete
A
Enters floor of mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle
24
Q
Where does the sublingual gland secrete
A
Sublingual caruncle in the floor of the mouth
25
Nerve supply to the salivary glands
```
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) to Parotid gland
CN VII (Facial nerve) to submandibular and sublingual
```
26
4 pairs of intrinsic skeletal muscles of tongue
Superolaterally to Inferiolaterally -
| Palatoglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus, Genioglossus
27
What innervates the intrinsic tongue muscles
CN XII, Hypoglossal nerve except for palatoglossus
28
Course of CN XII
Hypoglossal nerve, From medulla through hypoglossal canal. Innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue except Palatoglossus
29
What innervates the Pharynx
CN X, Vagus nerve
30
What nerve runs along the carotid artery
Vagus nerve
31
Where is the Cricopharyngeus sphincter present
Upper oesophageal sphincter, C6
32
What aspects help prevent drooling
Orbicularis oris and CN VII - Facial nerve
33
Anatomy of swallowing
Orbicularis oris and CN VII (Facial nerve) prevent drooling. Tongue (CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve) pushes bolus towards oropharynx. Contraction of pharyngeal constrictor muscles push bolus towards oesophagus (CN X - Vagus nerve). Inner longitudinal layers (CN IX - Glossopharyngeal and CN X) close off laryngeal inlet to prevent aspiration. Bolus reach oesophagus
34
What part of the ANS speeds up peristalsis
Parasympathetic
35
Where does the oesophagus begin
C6 - Cricopharyngeus muscle
36
What causes thoracic constriction of oesophagus
Arch of aorta and left main bronchus
37
What causes diaphragmatic constriction of oesophagus
Passing through diaphragm, physiological sphincter
38
Use of lower oesophageal sphincter
Prevent occurrence of "reflux"
39
Hepatic vs Splenic flexure
Hepatic flexure is between ascending and transverse colon whereas splenic flexure is between transverse and descending colon
40
Range of foregut, midgut and hindgut
Foregut - Oesophagus to 1/2 pancreas
Midgut - 1/2 pancreas to 2/3rd transverse colon
Hindgut - 2/3rd transverse colon to anal canal
41
What happens to abdominal muscles during peritonitis
Muscles contract to 'guard' inner organs from pain of pressure upon them
42
What is retroperitoneal
Visceral peritoneum anterior surface only, Pancreas, Ascending and Descending colon, kidneys, adrenal glands
43
Types of peritoneal formations
Mesentery, omentum and peritoneal ligaments
44
What is the greater and lesser omentum
Greater omentum is from greater curvature of stomach to the transverse colon. Covers organs like an apron. Lesser omentum is from lesser curvature of stomach and duodenum to the liver. Has free edge
45
Which GI organs have a mesentery
Mesentery proper - Small intestine
Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
Mesoappendix
46
Function of mesentery
Provide blood and lymph vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, fat and mobility
47
What does the free edge of lesser omentum contain
Portal triad - Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic artery proper and bile duct
48
What is the pringle maneuvre
Fingers are inserted though the Omental Foramen (Foramen of Winslow) and hemostat is used to clamp hepatoduodenal ligament to control bleed from liver
49
Pouch formed by peritoneum in males
Recto-uterine pouch
50
Pouch formed by peritoneum in females
Vesico-uterine and Recto-uterine pouch
51
What is Ascites
Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity usually caused by liver cirrhosis an portal hypertension
52
How can Ascites be solved
By abdominocentesis
53
Auscultation patterns for Ascites
Tympany above fluid level, dullness at fluid
54
Why is the needle placed lateral to abdominal sheath in abdominocentesis
To avoid inferior epigastric artery
55
What does visceral pain feel like
Dull, achy, nauseating, hard to localize
56
What does parietal pain feel like
Sharp, stabbing, easy to pinpoint
57
What is colicky pain
Pain that comes and goes. Due to GI tract obstruction
58
What spinal levels do sympathetics leave spinal cord to get to abdominal organs
T5 to L2 within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves. Synapse at prevertebral ganglia which are located anterior to aorta at exit points of the major branches
59
Sympathetic innervation of adrenal glands
Sympathetic fibres leave at T10-L1. Enter abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve and carried with prearterial plexus to adrenal gland. Don't synapse at prevertebral ganglia.
60
What supplies parasympathetics to the GI tract and distal end of transverse colon
Vagus nerve - CN X, foregut and midgut
61
What supplies parasympathetics from descending colon to anal canal
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (S2 - S4), hindgut
62
Where does pain in foregut tend to be felt
Epigastric regon
63
Where does pain in midgut tend to be felt
Umbilical region
64
Where does pain in hindgut tend to be felt
Pubic region
65
Where visceral afferents from foregut enter spinal cord
T6 - T9
66
Where visceral afferents from midgut enter spinal cord
T8 - T12
67
Where visceral afferents from hindgut enter spinal cord
T10 - T12
68
Why does liver/gallbladder pain radiates to right shoulder/trapezius
Liver/gallbladder are situated on top of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is innervated by C2, C3 and C4. This has dermatomes on the right upper shoulder.
69
Why is kidney and ureter pain felt in inguinal region
These are innervated by the Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal nerves which have dermatones at L1, region of inguinal canal
70
Abdominal part of body wall nerves
Thoracoabdominal nerves - T7 to T11
Subcoaster nerve - T12
Iliohypogastric nerve - Half of L1 anterior ramus
Ilioinguinal nerve - Other half of L1 anterior ramus
71
Why does appendicitis pain transition from dull, achy to sharper pain in right Iliac fossa
Appendix is a structure in the midgut. This is innervated by T8-T12 and pain is felt ass visceral in the umbillical region. As appendicitis worsens, it starts to push against the parietal peritoneum part of the soma. This causes parietal pain in the right Iliac fossa.
72
Sharp, stabbing pain in right Iliac fossa
Exacerbation of Appendicitis
73
What is Icterus
Jaundice, yellowing of skin and Sclera (white part eye)
74
What causes Icterus
Increased levels of Bilirubin
75
How is Bilirubin normally produced
By breakdown of RBCs in the Spleen
76
Role of gallbladder
Storage and concentration of Bile
77
Where is bile produced
Liver by the use of Bilirubin
78
Function of Bile
Absorption of fats in small intestine
79
What is the hepatopancreatic duct
Ampulla of Vater, formed by common bile duct and pancreatic duct. Secretes bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum.
80
Which ribs protect the liver
Ribs 7 - 11
81
Liver lobes
4 anatomical - Right, Left, Caudate and Quadrate
| 8 functional relating to vasculature and bile drainage
82
Site of entrance of portal triad into liver
Porta hepatis
83
What ligament attaches liver to anterior body wall
Falciform ligament
84
What ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein, liver
Round ligament of the liver
85
Drainage of blood from liver
Portal vein and hepatic artery blood mix into the sinusoids. This returns to hepatic veins which come together as 3 veins to drain to the Inferior Vena Cava
86
Which ligament contains the portal triad
Hepatoduodenam ligament
87
What level does Coeliac trunk leave aorta
T12
88
Branches of Coeliac trunk
Common Hepatic Artery, Left Gastric and Splenic
89
Location of spleen
Intraperitoneal organ in Left Hypochondrium
90
Which ribs protect the Spleen
Ribs 9 - 11
91
Function of Spleen
Breakdown of RBCs to form Bilirubin
92
Blood supply of stomach at junction of lesser curvature and lesser omentum
Right and Left Gastric that anastomose together
93
Where do the right and left Gastric artery arise from
Hepatic Artery Proper
94
What supplied blood to junction of greater curvature and greater omentum of stomach
Right and Left Gastro-Omental artery
95
Where do the Right and Left Gastro-Omental artery arise
From Gastroduodenal Artery
96
Minor blood supply to stomach is by
Posterior Gastric Artery
| Short Gastric Artery
97
Where do the Posterior and Short Gastric Artery arise
Splenic Artery
98
What vessel supplies majority of blood to liver
Hepatic Portal Vein, 20% by Right and Left Hepatic Arter
99
Peritoneal cavities related to liver
Hepatorenal and sub-phrenic recess
100
Lowest part of peritoneal cavity when patient is supine
Hepatorenal recess
101
What drains blood to the Hepatic Portal Vein
Splenic Vein (Foregut) and Superior Mesenteric Vein (Midgut). Inferior Mesenteric Vein (Hindgut) drains to the Splenic Vein to join Portal Vein
102
What supplies blood to gallbladder
Cystic artery, branch of right Hepatic Artery (75%)
103
What is the Cystohepatic triangle
Triangle of Calot, lines medially by Common Hepatic Duct, inferiorly by Cystic Duct and superiorly by inferior aspect of Liver. This is where the Cystic Artery lies, located during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
104
Where is pain from Gallbladder felt
Foregut organ, T6-T9, Epigastric region
105
What is Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of Gallbladder
106
What is the biliary tree
Right and left hepatic duct combine to form the common hepatic duct. This unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct.
107
Where does the bile duct drain into
Bile duct along with pancreatic duct drains into the 2nd part of duodenum at the ampulla of vater
108
Start and end of Duodenum
Starts at pyloric sphincter and end at duodenaljejunal flexure
109
Is the duodenum intra or retroperitoneal
Retroperitonal, part of superior duodenum is intraperitoneal
110
Hormones secreted into the blood at duodenum
Gastrin (G cells, release HCl from parietal cells) and CCK (release of bile and enzymes from pancreas)
111
Where does pain from duodenum refer to
Epigastric region
112
Parts of the duodenum
Superior, descending, horizontal and ascending
113
Is the pancrease intra or retroperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
114
Parts of pancreas
Head, neck, body and tail
115
Functions of pancreas
Exocrine - Acinar cells (pancreatic enzymes into main pancreatic duct)
Endocrine - Islet of Langerhans (insulin and glucagon into bloodstream)
116
Hepatopancreatic vater is also known as
Ampulla of vater
117
Accessory pancreatic duct drains into
Minor duodenal papilla
118
Sphincters at the biliary system
Bile duct and pancreatic duct sphincter, sphincter of Oddi (at ampulla of Vater)
119
What is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Investigation used to study the biliary tree and pancreas and treat pathologies associated with it. A cannula is placed into major duodenal papilla and radio opague dye injected back into biliary tree. Radiographic images taken
120
Obstruction of biliary tree causing jaundice
Gallstones, carcinomas of head of pancreas. This leads to bile back up to the liver. Overspill into the blood of its contents including bilirubin. These is post-hepatic jaundice
121
Blood supply of duodenum and pancreas
Splenic artery from celiac trunk gives off the dorsal pancreatic artery. Gastroduodenal artery from common hepatic artery gives off superior pancreaticduodenal artery which anastomoses with inferior pancreaticduodenal artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery.
122
Most common cause of pancreatic pain
Pancreatitis. A common cause of this is a gallstone blocking the ampulla causing backflow of bile into the pancreas. This leads to irritation and inflammation.
123
Where does pain form pancreas radiate
Epigastric or umbilical region and also to the back
124
What can advanced pancreatitis cause
Vascular haemorrhage leading to blood/fluid accumulation in retroperitoneal space.
125
Grey-Turners sign vs Cullen's sign
Bruising as a blue discoloration in the flanks is Grey-Turners sign whereas blue discoloration around the umbilicus via falciform ligament is Cullen's sign
126
Which parts of the duodenum are foregut
1st and 2nd part of duodenum
127
Where does the Ileum end
Ileocecal junction
128
Jejunum vs Ileum in wall
Jejunum is thicker and heavier, Ileum is thinner and lighter
129
Jejunum vs Ileum in vascularity
Jejunum is more vascular, Ileum is less vascular
130
Jejunum vs Ileum in mesenteric fat
Jejunum has lesser mesenteric fat, Ileum has more
131
Jejunum vs Ileum in circular folds
Jejunum has large, tall and closely packed folds
| Ileum has low and sparse folds
132
Jejunum vs Ileum in lymphoid patches
Peyer's patches present in Ileum
133
Arterial blood to jejunum and ileum
Superior mesenteric artery drains to jejunal and ileal arteries
134
Venous drainage from jejunum and ileum
Jejunal and ileal veins drain to superior mesenteric vein which drains to hepatic portal vein
135
Route of superior mesenteric artery
Leaves the aorta at L1, posterior to head of pancreas and anterior to uncinate process of pancreas
136
How is fat absorbed in the GI tract
Bile helps in the absorption of fats from GI tract lumen into enterocytes. Fats (within chylomicrons) then go into specialized lymphatic vessels called lacteals. They travel via thoracic duct (lymphatic system) to drain into the venous system at left venous angle
137
Where do lymphatics lie in the abdomen
```
Celiac (foregut organs)
Superior mesenteric (midgut)
Inferior mesenteric (hindgut)
Lumbar (kidneys, posterior abdominal wall, pelvis and lower limbs)
```
138
What drains at the left venous angle
Thoracic duct
139
What drains at the right venous angle
Right lymphatic duct
140
Parts of large intestine from proximal to distal
Caecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
141
Functions of large intestine
Defence (commensal bacteria), absorption (H2O and electrolytes) and excretion (of formed stool)
142
What are secondary retroperitoneal organs
Organs that were once suspended within the abdominal cavity by mesentery but migrated posterior to the peritoneum during embryogenesis
143
Which parts of large intestine are intraperitoneal
Caecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
144
What are paracolic gutters
Spaces between the colon and abdominal wall
145
Significance of paracolic gutters
Site for collection of pus
146
Distinguishing features of large intestine
Haustra - Small pouches caused by sacculation which give its segmented appearance
Teniae coli - Distinct longitudinal bands of smooth muscles from caecum to distal end of sigmoid colon
Omental appendices - Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat along the colon, absent in rectum
147
Where does the caecum and appendix lie
Right illiac fossa, contains the ileocaecal orifice and appendiceal orifice
148
What is McBurney's point on anterior abdominal wall
1/3 between umbilicus and ASIS, this presents with maximum tenderness in appendicitis
149
What is the sigmoid colon at risk of
Sigmoid volvulus, sigmoid colon twists around itself resulting in bowel obstruction. This can lead to infarct
150
Midline branches of abdominal aorta
Celiac trunk (foregut), Superior (midgut) and Inferior Mesenteric (hindgut) artery
151
Abdominal aorta bifurcates into
Common illiacs which further bifurcates into internal and external iliacs
152
Branches of superior mesenteric artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal, middle colic artery, right colic artery, ileocolic branches, jejunal and ileal arteries, appendicular,
153
Compare jejunal and ileal arteries
Jejunal arteries - Longer vasa rectae, larger and fewer arterial arcades
Ileal arteries - Shorter vasa rectae, smaller and many arterial arcades
154
Branches of inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery
155
What provides an arterial anastomoses between the superior and inferior mesenteric artery
Marginal artery of Drummond, between middle colic artery (SMA) and left colic artery (IMA)
156
What supplies the rectum and anal canal
Superior rectal artery, branch of IMA
157
Where does the hindgut extend to
Proximal half of anal canal (pectinate line)
158
What supplies the rest of the GI tract after pectinate line
Internal illiac artery, middle and inferior rectal artery
159
What drains the fore, mid and hindgut
Foregut - Splenic vein
Midgut - Superior mesenteric vein
Hindgut - Inferior mesenteric vein
160
Portal systemic anastomesis
Distal end of oesophagus, skin around umbilicus and rectum/anal canal
161
Drainage of distal end of oesophagus
Inferior part drains to hepatic portal vein
| Superior part drains to azygous vein
162
Drainage of skin around umbilicus
Para-umbilical vein to portal system via round ligament of liver
Epigastric vein drain to caval system (IVC)
163
Drainage of rectum/anal canal
Rectum and superior anal canal drains to inferior mesenteric vein
Inferior part of GI tract drains to internal iliac veins
164
What can portal hypertension lead to
Reversal of blood flow, large volume of blood flows to anastomotic areas causing them to become varicosed
165
Clinical presentation of portal hypertension
Oesophageal varices - Dilated submucosal veins
Caput medusa - Dilated para-umbilical and epigastric vein
Rectal varices
166
What can cause portal hypertension
Liver cirrhosis or tumour compressing hepatic portal vein
167
Cause of haematemesis
Peptic ulcer in wall of stomach/duodenum that has eroded the mucosa and filled it with blood. (or)
Bleeding form oesophageal varice. Abnormally dilated veins have potential to rupture. These are formed often due to pathology in portal venous system
168
Function of distal GI tract
Excrete stool
169
What is faecal continence
Ability to control defecation
170
Inferior part of pelvic cavity or pelvic floor is formed by
Levator ani muscles
171
Openings in the pelvic floor
Anterior to posterior - Bladder, Uterus (females), Rectum
172
What level does sigmoid colon become rectum
S3
173
Where does the rectum become anal canal
At tip of coccyx prior to passing through the levator ani muscles
174
Difference in location between rectum vs anus vs anal canal
Rectum is in the pelvis whereas the anus and anal canal are in the perineum
175
Function of folds in rectal ampulla
Allows extension and prevents tearing while holding faecal matter
176
What lies anterior to superior rectum
Rectouterine and rectovesical pouch
177
What lies anterior to inferior rectum in males
Prostate gland
178
What lies anterior to inferior rectum in females
Vagina and cervix
179
Perineal roof is formed by
Levator ani muscles
180
What muscles make up the levator ani muscles
Puborectalis (Medial), Pubococcygeus (Lateral), Iliococcygeus (Posterior) and Coccygeus (Tiny)
181
What is the levator ani muscle tonically contracted
To support pelvic organs, reflexively contracts more during sneezing and coughing due to increase abdominal pressure
182
What supplies the levator ani muscles
Nerves from sacral plexus (nerve to levator ani) and S2,3,4 (Pudendal nerve)
183
What part of levator ani muscle acts as a functional sphincter
Puborectalis muscle, contraction decreases anorectal angle and maintains continence
184
What type of muscle is puborectalis made up of
Skeletal muscle, it's under voluntary control
185
What are the anal sphincters made up fo
Internal - Smooth
| External - Skeletal
186
What part of external anal sphincter is continuous with puborectalis muscle
Superior part of sphincter
187
Contraction of anal sphincters
Sympathetic nerves - Internal
| Parasympathetic (pudendal) - External
188
Which anal sphincter relaxes in response to distension of rectal ampulla
Internal anal sphincter
189
Which anal sphincter contracts in response to distension of rectal ampulla
External anal sphincter
190
Innervation of rectum/anal canal
Sympathetic fibres from T12-T2 travel to inferior mesenteric ganglia, synapse then travel around branches of inferior mesenteric artery. Inhibit peristalsis and contract internal anal sphincter
Parasympathetic fibres from S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse in walls of rectum and inhibit internal anal sphincter, stimulating peristalsis.
Somatic motor - From pudendal nerve (S2-S4) and nerve to levator ani (S3,S4) contract external anal sphincter and puborectalis
191
Route of pudendal nerve
S2,3,4 anterior rami, branch of sacral plexus. Supplies external anal sphincter. Exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen. Enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen. Branches to supply structures of perineum
192
Where does the pudendal nerve exit pelvis
Greater sciatic foramen
193
Where does the pudendal nerve enter perineum
Lesser sciatic foramen
194
Plexus of pudendal nerve
Sacral plexus
195
How can pregnancy lead to faecal incontinence
Tear of the perineum posteriorly can affect fibres of puborectalis or external anal sphincter. Branches of pudendal nerve could also be stretched and tear
196
What is the pectinate line
The junction between the part of embryo that formed GI tract (endoderm) and part that formed skin (ectoderm)
197
Differentiate above and below pectinate line for nerve supply, arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage
Above vs Below
Nerve - Autonomic vs somatic via Pudendal nerve
Arterial supply - Inferior mesenteric vs internal iliac
Venous drainage - To Hepatic portal vein via IMV vs Caval system via internal iliac
Lymphatic drainage - Inferior mesenteric nodes (internal iliac nodes) vs Superficial inguinal nodes
198
Lymphatic drainage of pelvis
Lymph vessels drain inferior pelvic structures via internal iliac and superior pelvic structures via external iliac. This drains into the common iliac which drains to the lumbar nodes. This eventually connects to the thoracic duct which drains into the left subclavian vein
199
Where does the hindgut end
Proximal half of anal canal (above pectinate line)
200
What artery supplies hindgut part of rectum
Superior rectal artery which arises from inferior mesenteric artery
201
Which artery supplies remainder of GI tract, after hindgut
Middle and inferior rectal artery arising from internal iliac artery
202
Venous drainage from hindgut part of rectal canal
Proximal half of rectal canal - Hindgut
| This is drained by superior rectal canal into the inferior mesenteric vein to join portal venous system
203
Venous drainage from rest of GI tract after hindgut
Middle and inferior rectal vein drains into the iliac vein which joins the systemic venous system
204
What are rectal varice
Dilation of collateral veins between portal and systemic venous systems due to portal hypertension
205
What are haemorrhoids
Prolapse of rectal venous varices due to increased pressure; due to chronic constipation, strain, pregnancy
206
Which type of haemorrhoids are more painful and why
Internal haemorrhoids is less painful as they are above the pectinate line; visceral innervation compared to external which are somatic innervations.
207
What is the ischioanal fossa
The ischioanal fossa lie on each side of the anal canal.
208
What is present in the ischioanal fossa
Fat and loose connective tissue
209
What can a fistula between the rectum and ischioanal fossa lead to
Faeces can collect in the ischioanal fossa causing an infection. This is known as ischioanal abscess
210
What is palpated for in a rectal examination (PR)
Assess anal tone, effectiveness/strength of external anal sphincter. In male, palpate for prostate and females cervix anteriorly
211
What is proctoscopy used for
To view the inside of the rectum
212
What is sigmoidoscopy used for
To view the interior of sigmoid colon
213
What is colonoscopy used for
To view the interior of colon
