Anatomy Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31
2
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
A
12
3
Q
What does the prosencephalon develop to become?
A
Telencephalon and diencephalon
4
Q
What does the mesencephalon go on to become?
A
Mesencephalon
5
Q
What does the rhombencephalon develop to become?
A
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
6
Q
What is the diencephalon?
A
Hypothalamus and thalamus
7
Q
What is the mesencephalon?
A
Midbrain
8
Q
What is the metencephalon?
A
Pons and cerebellum
9
Q
What is the myelencephalon?
A
Medulla oblongata
10
Q
What is the telencephalon?
A
The cerebral hemispheres
11
Q
Which three regions make up the brain stem?
A
Pons, medulla, cerebellum
12
Q
What is the soma?
A
Cell body containing the nucleus
13
Q
In which direction do dendrites carry information?
A
Towards the soma
14
Q
In which direction do axons carry information?
A
Away from the soma
15
Q
What are the 4 types of glial cell?
A
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal
16
Q
Describe the role of astrocytes
A
Involved in maintenance of BBB, environmental homeostasis, CSF stabilisation
17
Q
How do astrocytes strengthen the BBB?
A
Bind capillaries together to make it harder for chemicals to pass through gaps
18
Q
Describe the role of oligodendrocytes
A
Produce myelin in the CNS
19
Q
What is the node of Ranvier?
A
A gap in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells
20
Q
Describe the role of microglia
A
Immune monitoring and antigen presentation
21
Q
What do microglia do in response to infection?
A
Pull processes in a become macro-phage like in structre
22
Q
Where are ependymal cells located?
A
Lining of ventricles
23
Q
Describe the structure of ependymal cells
A
Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium
24
Q
Describe the composition of white matter
A
Axons (mostly myelinated) and support cells
25
Describe the composition of grey matter
Soma, glial cells, synapses and support cells
26
Where does sensory info arrive in the spinal cord
Dorsal horn
27
Where does motor info arrive in the spinal cord
Anterior/ventral horn
28
Where do sympathetics exit the spinal cord?
Lateral horn T1-L2
29
What are the inward projections on the brain called?
Sulci
30
What are the outward projections of the brain called?
Gyri
31
What are the two gyri a/w the central sulcus?
Pre- and post-central gyri
32
What are the outward projections of the cerebellum called?
Folia
33
Which structure in the ventricles absorbs CSF?
Microvilli
34
What forms the choroid plexus?
Ependymal cells and capillaries
| tela choroidea
35
What connects the 3rd ventricle to the lateral ventricles?
Foramen of monroe
36
What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?
Cerebral aqueduct
37
What is the name given to the point in the midline where the two side of the thalamus touch?
Interthamic adhesion
38
What is the corpus callosum
Large bundle of fibres which allow communication between hemispheres
39
How do the cerebral cortex and brainstem communicate?
Through white matter tracts in the internal capsule
40
Which structure covers the top of the corpus callosum?
Cingulate
41
What is the fornix?
A bundle of nerve fibres which act as the major output tract of the hippocampus
42
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
Oesophagus to rectum
43
What are the two plexuses in the enteric nervous system?
Myenteric plexus between layers of smooth muscle
| Submucosal plexus in submucosa
44
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?
Internal jugular vein
45
What do Schwann cells do?
Produce myelin in the PNS
46
What are the two main types of neuron?
Unipolar and mutlipolar
47
Which type of axons are found in skeletal muscle?
Mulitpolar
48
Which type of axons are sensory?
Unipolar
49
Which root from the spinal nerve is smaller?
Posterior
50
Which type of signal passes through the anterior root?
Motor
51
Which type of signal passes through the dorsal root?
Sensory
52
What is the dermatome level of the male nipple
T4
53
What is the dermatome level of the umbilicus
T10
54
What is the dermatome level of the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?
C2-C4
55
What is the dermatome level of the upper limb?
C5-T1
56
What is the dermatome level of the gluteal region, perineum and lower limb?
L1-Co1
57
Which is usually more superficial dermatome or myotome?
Dermatome
58
What are the spinal nerve roots of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
59
What are the spinal nerve roots of the brachial plexus
C5-T1
60
What are the spinal nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
61
What are the spinal nerve roots of the sacral plexus?
L5-S4
62
At what levels does sympathetic outflow pass through?
T1-L2
63
Where do sympathetic axons synapse for the heart?
Cervical paravertebral ganglia
64
Where do sympathetic axons synapse for the lungs?
Upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia
65
Where do sympathetic axons synapse for the abdominopelvic axons?
Prevertebral ganglia
66
How does parasympathetic outflow pass out of the CNS?
via CNs III, VII, IX, X
67
At what level does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2
68
What cone-shaped structure does the spinal cord make at the end?
Conus medullaris
69
What is the name of the thin connective tissue cord anchored to the dorsum of the coccyx?
Filum terminale
70
What are the 3 groups of arteries which supply the spinal cord?
Longitudinal arteries
Segmental arteries
Radicular arteries
71
How many major longitudinal arteries are there and what are their positions?
3
| Two posterior and one anterior
72
What is the largest segmental artery called?
Great anterior segmental medullary artery
| Artery of adamkeiwsz
73
Where do the segmental arteries to the spinal cord originate?
Vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries
74
Where are the radicular arteries to the spinal cord found
At the dorsal and ventral roots
75
What is the dorsal/medial lemniscus system for?
Fine touch and conscious proprioception
76
Where do fibres in the dorsal/medial lemniscus cross?
In the medulla
77
Where do axons in the dorsal/medial lemniscus synapse?
Nucleus gracillis - lower limbs
Nucleus cuneaus - upper limbs
Thalamus
78
What is the spinothalamic tract for?
Pain, temperature and deep pressure
79
Where do axons in the spinothalamic tract synapse?
Immediately at spinal cord
| Thalamus
80
Where do fibres in the spinothalamic tract cross?
Immediately at the spinal cord level
81
What is the corticospinal tract for?
Fine, precise movement of distal muscles
82
Which two tracts does the corticospinal tract consist of?
Ventral
| Lateral
83
Where do fibres cross in the corticospinal tract?
85% at the dessucation of the pyramids
| 15% segmentally when seeking out axon
84
Describe the pathway through the corticospinal tract
Cortex > internal capsule > midbrain > pons > medulla > spinal cord
85
What is the tectospinal tract for?
Input to cervical spinal cord to mediate reflex head and neck movements in response to visual stimuli
86
What is the reticulospinal tract for?
Several functions including regulation of voluntary movements
Pons fibres: facilitate extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements (medulla vice verca)
87
Where do fibres originate for the reticulospinal tract?
Reticular areas of pons and medulla
88
What is the vestibulospinal tract for?
Excitatory input to anti-gravity extensor muscles
89
Where do fibres for the vestibulospinal tract originate?
Vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla
90
How many lobes does the cerebellum have?
3 - Anterior, posterior and flocculus
91
Where is the cerebellum located?
In posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli
92
What attaches the brainstem to the cerebellum?
Superior, middle and inferior peduncles
93
Which cerebellar peduncle I the biggest?
Middle
94
What structure splits the cerebellum in half?
Vermis
95
How many layer does the cerebellum have?
3
Outer/molecular
Middle/Purkinje
Inner/granular
96
Describe the outer layer of the cerebellum
Molecular
| No cells but many synapses
97
Describe the middle layer of the cerebellum
Purkinje
| Contains enormous neurons
98
Describe the inner layer of the cerebellum
Granular
| Many tiny neurons (over 50% of neurons are here)
99
How do afferents enter the cerebellum?
Via the peduncles to the granular layers
100
How is afferent info processed in the cerebellum?
Sent from granular layer to purkinje cells to molecular layer then out of cerebellum
101
Where do efferent neurons synapse in the cerebellum?
On axons of purkinje cells
102
Is the cerebellum a contralateral or ipsilateral structure?
Ipsilateral
103
What symptoms result from unilateral lesions on the cerebellum?
Tremor
Weakness
Sensory loss
Loss of co-ordination
104
What symptoms result from bilateral lesions of the cerebellum?
Dysarthria
In-coordination
Wide gait
105
What is the basal ganglia?
Grey matter structures deep in brain which initiate and inhibit movements
106
What are the five parts of the basal ganglia?
```
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
```
107
What makes up the striatum?
Caudate nucleus and putamen
108
What makes up the lenticular nucleus?
Putamen and Globus pallidus
109
What makes up the corpus striatum?
Caudate nucleus, putamen and Globus pallidus
110
What does the substantia nigra do?
Plays a role in reward and movement
111
What disease is a result of the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra?
Parkinson's disease
112
Is the basal ganglia a contralateral or ipsilateral structure?
Contralateral
113
What do lesions of the basal ganglia usually cause?
Change in muscle tone, dyskinesia, tremor, chorea, myoclonus
114
How does Parkinson's present?
Akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor
115
What is pathologically affected in Parkinson's disease?
Substantia nigra
| Direct pathway
116
What is pathologically affected in Huntington's Disease?
Basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex
Indirect pathways
117
How does Hungtinton's Disease present?
Chorea and progressive dementia
118
What are the 4 extrinsic back muscles?
Levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius, latissimus dorsi
119
What are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles?
Erector spinae and transversospinalis
120
Where do the erector spinae muscles commonly attach?
Sacrum and iliac crest
121
What are the three erector spinae muscles called?
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
122
What movement is elicited by the bilateral contraction of transverospinalis and erector spinae?
Extend spine
123
What movement is elicited by the unilateral contraction of transverospinalis and erector spinae?
Lateral flexion
124
What movement is elicited by the contraction of psoas major and rectus abdominus?
Flexion of spine
125
Which joints are between articular processes of vertebrae?
Facet joint
126
What are the two parts of the intervertebral discs?
Annulus fibrosis
| Nucleus pulposis
127
Which ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?
Ligamentum flavum
128
Which ligament connected the posterior aspects of vertebral bodies/discs?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
129
What is the role of posterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevents over flexion of the spine
130
What connects the anterior aspects of the vertebrae/discs?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
131
What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevents over-extension of the spine
132
What ligaments connectsspinous processes?
Supraspinous, inter spinous
133
Which vertebra has no vertebral body?
C1
134
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Synovial
135
Which vertebrae had the odontoid process?
C2
136
Which vertebra is the first palpable process in most people?
C7
