Anatomy Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Right Atrium (6)
A
Coronary sinus, SA, AV, SVC, IVC, tricuspid
2
Q
How many pulmonary arteries & veins?
A
2, 4
3
Q
Where are mechanoreceptors? What do they sense?
A
aortic arch & carotid a., BP via stretch
4
Q
Chemoreceptors are located where and what do they sense?
A
sense low PO2, aorta and carotid
5
Q
Blood Volume and pressure is regulated by what 3 systems?
A
heart baroreceptors, ADH release (slow response), rening angiotensin-aldosterone system
6
Q
Layers of Skin
A
Dermis, basement membrane, epidermis
7
Q
What is in the dermis (3)
A
blood vessels, hair shaft, sebaceous glands
8
Q
What makes up the epidermis (kertinocytes)?
A
stratum basali (stem cells), stratum spinosum (desmosomes), stratum cornium
9
Q
Type 1 Collagen comes from (3) and becomes (5)?
A
Firbroblasts, Reticular cells, Smooth muscle
Connective Tissue, Collagen, Fibrocartilage, Bone (osteoblasts), Dentin (odontoblasts)
10
Q
Type 2 Collagen comes from (2) and becomes?
A
Chrondocytes, retinal cells
Hyaline & Elastic cartilage, vitreous body of the eye
11
Q
Type 3 Collagen comes from (4) and becomes (4)?
A
Fibroblasts, Reticular cells, Smooth muscles, endothelium
Loose Connective Tissue, Reticular fibers, papillary dermis, blood vessels
12
Q
Type 4 Collagen come from (2) and becomes (1)?
A
Epi & Endothelium
Basement membrane
13
Q
What 3 permanent tissues can only undergo hypertrophy and not hyperplasia?
A
Cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle, nerves
14
Q
Which ones are reversible - metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia
A
Metaplasia & dysplasia
15
Q
What do C-cells produce?
A
calcitonin
16
Q
What are the infrahyoid muscles in order? (4)
A
Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
17
Q
Diaphragm openings for IVC, Esophagus and Aorta (I ate 10 eggs at 12)
A
T8, T10, T12
18
Q
Layers of epidermis (Cows like green skin beans)
A
Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum and basale
19
Q
What skin layer is only on the palms & soles
A
lucidum
20
Q
epidermis from what embryology?
A
epidermis
21
Q
dermis from what embryology?
A
mesoderm
22
Q
layers of the dermis
A
papillary, reticular, hypodermis
23
Q
Retroperitoneal organs (8)?
A
Ascending colon, descending colon, adrenals, kidneys, aorta, pancreas, IVC, duodenum
24
Q
The left coronary artery gives rise to 3 branches (the left is MAC)
A
muscular, anterior interventicular a. , circumflex
25
Contents of the cubital fossa from medial to lateral (NATN)
Nerve (median), Artery (brachial), Tendon (biceps), Nerve (radial)
26
Content of the greater sciatic foramen:
superior gluteal n. & a, nerve to obturator, gemellus (inf & sup), quadratus femoris, inferior gluteal n., pudendal n. posterior femoral cutaneous n. sciatic n.
27
Contents of the lesser sciatic foramen (P IaNo)
Pudendal n. Internal pudendal a., nerve to obturator internus
28
Contents of the femoral triangle (lateral to medial) NAVeL
Femoral n, a, v, lymph
29
Carpal bones from proximal radial to distal ulnar - Scared lovers tri positions they can't handle
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
| Trapezium “for the thumb”, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
30
nodes for RA, OA and where?
RA - Haygarths at MCP
OA - Heberden's at DIP
BOTH - Bouchard PIP
31
External Rotators of Hip/Thigh (please go go quietly)
Piriformic, Gemellous superior/inferior, Obturator externus/internus, quadratus femoris
32
Nerves branching off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus (Parts)
posterior, axillary, radial, thoracodorsal, subscapular,
33
Order of the brachial plexus from C5 - T1 (really tired? Drink coffee)
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords
34
Oder of lumbar plexus (T12 - L5) (really bored, drink tall boys?)
plexus roots, branches, divisions and terminal branches
35
Essential a.a. - PVT Tim Hall always argues, never tyres
Phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine
36
What are purely ketogenic amino acids? (lucy never lyses fat)
leucine & lysine
37
Branched chain amino acids (LIV)
Leucine, Isoleucine, valine
38
Basic amino acids (HAL)
Histidine, lysine, arginine
39
Vitamins in Krebs (those nasty chicks love to fuck)
thiamine, NADH, CoA, Lipase, FAD
40
Oxidation is a ___ of an electron/hydrogen and reduction is ____ of an electron/hydrogen.
loss
| gain
41
___ is needed for cytochrome c and __ for cytochrome a
Iron, Copper
42
Cellulose bonds
glucose with beta 1 - 4 bonds
43
lactose bonds
glucose & galactose beta 1-4
44
linoleic vs. linolenic acid
omega 6, omega 3
45
order of cholesterol synthesis "a hard man screws chicks"
AcetylCoA → HMG-CoA → Mevalonate → Squalene → Cholesterol
46
rate limiting step for steroid biosynthesis
desmolase
47
purines & pyrumidines (All girls are PURe and King TUC and the PYRamids)
```
purines = adenine & guanine
pyramidines = tyamin/uracil and cytosine
```
48
Nucleotides vs. nucleosides
nucleotides are pentose sugar, nitrogen base AND PHOSPHATE
49
Pairings in DNA - All tall guys can dunk
adenine & thymine, guanine & cytosine
50
8 Steps of Krebs cycle - Can I Keep Sex Slaves for my office?
Citrate, Isocitrate, alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.
51
Products made from keto ___ No no go find help nympho
```
▪ Btw citrate and isocitrate = nothing
▪ Isocitrate → a-keto = NADH (+CO2)
▪ A-keto → succinyl-Coa = NADH (+CO2)
▪ S-coa → succinate = GTP
▪ Succ → fumarate = FADH2
▪ Fum → malate = h20 (goes IN)
▪ Mal → oxaloacetate = NADH
```
52
Amino acids that convert into TCA cycle intermediates to become glucose - Alan the Pyro, Aspar the OX, and Glu the alpha-kitten
▪ Alanine → pyruvate, aspartate → oxaloacetate, and glutamate → alpha-ketoglutarate.
53
Somatostatin
▪ Produced in hypothalamus to inhibit GH
▪ delta cells of pancreas to inhibit insulin and glucagon, gatrin in gastric mucosa, secretin in intestinal mucosa, and renin in kidneys
54
Somatotopin aka
GH
55
Somatomedin
from the liver and other tissue to mediate the effects of GH on cartilage
56
Pepsin vs. Chymotrypsin
o Both break down proteins
▪ Pepsin works in acidic environment of stomach
▪ chymotrypsin works in basic environment of duodenum
57
myenteric plexus vs. meissner’s plexus
o myenteric – aka auerbach’s plexus in muscularis layer for GI motility
o meissner’s – in submucosa to promote secretions
58
What cells make oxytocin?
paraventricular cells
59
What makes ADH?
supraoptic nuclei of posterior pituitary
60
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
Epineprhine, norepinephrine
61
WHat does the corus luteum produce?
progesterone
62
Alpha cells of the pancreas produce?
glucagon
63
Beta cells of the pancreas produce?
insulin
64
Delta cells of the pancreas produce?
somatostatin
65
What is released from chief cells of the stomach?
Pepsinogen
66
Hemoglobin dissociation curve - CADET's looks to the Right
Co2, Acid, DPG, Exercise & Temperature (shifts to the right)
67
ALL - "all the little leagers"
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia affects children
68
AML - all my life
affects adults
69
CLL
affects over 60 y/o
70
CML
philadelphia gene
71
Reed-sternberg cells
non-hodgkin's lymphoma
72
Burkitt's lymphoma
non-hodgkin's in B cells
73
Staph aureus systemic illnesses (STOIC)
Scalded Skin Syndrome, TSS, Osteomyelitis, impetigo, carbuncles - also endocarditis, arthritis
74
Streptococcus pyogenes - SEARS
strep throat, erysipeias, acute glumerulonepritis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever
75
Types of ecoli - PATHI
enteropathic, adhesive, toxigenic(traveler's), hemorrhagic (0157:H7), invasive
76
Painful soft chancroid
haemophilis ducreyi
77
hard painless chancre
treponema pallidum
78
Highest to lowest Immunoglobulins - GAMED
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
79
DiGeorge Disease
congenital t cell deficiency from hypoplasia of the thymus & parathyroid - results in viral/fungal infections and tetany
80
SCID
defective humoral and cell-mediated immunity
81
Dermatomyocitis
heliotrophe reddish purple rach over the face & neck from damage by complement system and proximal muscle weakness
82
serum sickness type of HSR
3
83
CREST scleroderma
calcinosis, raynaud's. esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia
hypertrophy of collagen fibers of subcutaneous tissue, fixed facial expression and clawlike hand
84
Sjogren's syndrome
dry mouth and eyes, connective tissue and joint pain, parotid gland enlargement bilaterally, higher risk of lymphoma
85
T cells are most prominent in the
lymphoid paracortex of the lymph nodes
86
b cells are located within the
lymphoid follicles
87
Vitamin A
muscosal and epithelial lining & secretions, needed for proper B cell and T cell function
88
Vitamin E
antioxidant, protects t cells
89
Vitamin C
increases neutrophils & monocyte chemotaxis and is antioxidant, collagen formation, dopamine
90
Vitamin D
T cell proliferation
91
Zinc
sperm, natural killer cells
92
selenium
reduces arachodonic acid, thyroid
93
Conn's syndrome
hypertenstion from sodium retention due to increase in aldosterone
94
Sheehan's necrosis
ischemic necrosis of pituitary gland - associated with hemorhage and post pregnancy
95
MEN 1
Wermer's syndrome - hyperplasia/tumors of thyrpid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets or pituitary
96
MEN 2a
pheochromoctyoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, and hyperpara
97
MEND 2b
pheochromoctyoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid
98
Zollinger Ellison
gastrin secreting tumor in pancreas or intestines
99
IgA
exocrine secretions - breast milk, mucos, saliva, tears
100
IgG
crosses the placenta, opsonization, main IgG in serum
101
IgE
mast cells to release histamine for digestion
102
IgM
first on the scene of infection, controls A, B, O antibody response
103
Classical pathway of complement starts with
Ag:ab complex
104
Alternate pathway of complement starts with
C3
105
Fragments for anaphylaxis of complement
C3a and C5a
106
C5a is responsible for
leukocyte activation, adhesion and chemotaxis
107
c3b
opsonin
108
MAC is made from
C5b-C9
109
interferons
inhibits virus infected cells, enhace mac, nk cells, cytoT cells and inhibit growth tumor
110
HLA B27
ankylosing spondylitis
111
HLA DR4
RA and juvenile diabetes
112
antibodies against ach receptors
Myathenia gravis
113
TSH activated by anti-receptor antibodies
graves
114
IgG of desmosomes
pemphigous vulgaris
115
What can ferment lactose
ecoli
116
most common infant meningitis
ecoli
117
gram negative rods - 3
ecoli, shigella, salmonella
118
purulent OM in children
H. influenza
119
soft painful chancroid
H. ducreyi
120
condylamata lata
HPV
121
hard painless chancre
treponema
122
bacteria without cell walls
Mycoplasma pneumonia
123
inclusion bodies" owl eyes"
CMV
124
Koplik spots, cough, fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
measles = rubeola
125
myocarditis/pericarditis, meningitis, respiratory infection, hand & foot rash
coxackie virus
126
negri bodies in CNS
Rhadovirus - rabies
127
IgG auto antibodies to epidermal BM
phemphigoid bullous
128
Erhler Danlos syndrome
abnormal collagen and elastin formation - hyperelasticity & tissue gragility
129
benign neoplasm of older people, raised papules/plaques
seborrheic keratosis
130
Somatic cells bodies with motor function - efferent
ventral rami of gray matter spinal cord
131
sensory fibers afferent information
dorsal rami of gray matter spinal cord
132
pain and temperature travel the ___ to the ____
lateral spinothalamic tract to the visceral bodies of the lateral horn
133
light tough travels the ___ to the ____
anterior spinothalamic tract to the thalamus
134
Proprioception, 2 point discrimination are going to the ___ & ___ of the ____
gracilis & cuneatus fasiculi of the medulla
135
muscle and position sense travel ___ to the ____
spinocerebellar tract to the cerebellum
136
consolidate short term memory into longterm memory
hippocampus
137
sphingolipids that build up in the brain, jewish/eastern europeans
Tay-Sachs
