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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Nasal cartilages have control of the nostrils like a sphincter. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

WHat parts of the frontal bone and maxilla meet to frame the nasal bones?

A

Nasal processes of each

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3
Q

What bone makes up part of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular part of the ethmoid bone

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4
Q

What structures are formed by the palatine bone?

A

Posterior layers of the nasal cavity

Hard palate

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5
Q

What is different about the inferior nasal concha in comparison to the superior and middle?

A

Inferior = bone of its own

also the largest of the 3

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6
Q

What parts of the nasal cavity are formed by the ethmoid bone?

A

roof
lateral walls
septum

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7
Q

What Le fort fractures can cause loss of smell and increased risk of infection from the paranasal sinuses?

A

Le fort II & III

can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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8
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the nasal vestibule and nasal cavity?

A

VESTIBULE = Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinised to non-keratinised)

NASAL CAVITY =
Respiratory epithelium to Olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Describe the olfactory pathway

A
  • Receptor cells in olfactory epithelium
  • Pass up through cribriform plate
  • Synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglion)
  • Neurons pass along olfactory tract
  • To Temporal lobe and olfactory areas
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10
Q

What nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

Anterior ethmoidal nerve CN V1
(through anterior ethmoidal foramen)

Nasopalatine Nerve CN V2
(through sphenopalatine foramen)

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11
Q

Blood supply to the nose comes from both the internal and external carotid arteries. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What is the name of the area of anastomosing blood vessels in the nose, prone to nosebleeds (epitaxis)

A

Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) Area

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13
Q

Apart from the 3 nasal concha, what structures are found on the lateral nasal wall?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior concha)
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus (below inferior concha)

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14
Q

What structure opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

eustachian tube (from the middle ear)

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15
Q

Why does congestion in the nose move between the two sides?

A

engorgement of the nasal mucosa changes to other side every 1-5 hours

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16
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Open spaces within bone

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

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17
Q

What epithelium covers the paranasal sinuses?

A

thin respiratory epithelium

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18
Q

The paranasal sinuses are normally symmetrical. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

not always symmetrical in normal patient

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19
Q

Where does the Sphenoethmoidal recess drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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20
Q

Where does the Superior Meatus drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

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21
Q

Where does the Middle Meatus drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Semilunar hiatus:

  • Frontal sinus
  • Maxillary sinus
  • Anterior ethmoidal air cells

Ethmoidal Bulla:
- Middle ethmoidal air cells

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22
Q

Where does the Inferior Meatus drain to in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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23
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinuses

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24
Q

If a viral infection reduces the diameter or the ostia, what are the consequences?

A

pressure build up

orbital blow-out fracture

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25
Why is the maxillary sinus prone to infection?
- Ostium is located superior in relation to its cavity | - Cilia must work against gravity
26
Tooth infection can lead to sinus infections. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE | oro-antral fistula can allow roots to pierce upwards into maxillary sinus
27
Sinusitis pain can be referred to the teeth and present as ‘toothache’. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE | if improper closure of oro-antral fistula
28
What are the functions of the auditory and vestibular systems?
``` Hearing = Auditory system Balance = Vestibular system ```
29
What is the pterion?
- H-shaped suture - Frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid - Thinnest part of skull
30
What cranial nerve is associated with the Stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII
31
Pathology in the internal acoustic meatus (e.g. an acoustic neuroma) could damage which cranial nerves?
CN VII and CN VIII
32
What are the functions of the external, middle and inner ear?
External - Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane Middle - Amplifies & conducts sound waves to the internal ear Inner - Converts special sensory information
33
The external ear is avascular. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
34
Describe the composition of the ear canal starting at the external acoustic meatus
1/3 cartilage, 2/3 bony
35
What glands in the ear canal produce earwax?
ceruminous glands
36
What cranial nerves make up the tympanic membrane?
CN V3 | CN X
37
What superficial lymph nodes are responsible for lymphatic drainage of the ear?
- parotid - mastoid - superficial cervical lymph nodes
38
The petrous portion is a part of which bone in the skull?
temporal bone
39
What are the functions of CN VII?
Motor to face and stapedius Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue Secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal gland Sensation to external ear
40
What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
``` CN VII (Facial nerve) CN VIII (Vestibulocohlear nerve) Labyrinthine artery (+ vein) ```
41
The labyrinthine artery is a branch of which artery?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
42
What are the names for the thick and thin parts of the tympanic membrane?
Pars flaccida = thin | Pars tensa = thick
43
What cranial nerves supply the internal and external surface of the tympanic membrane?
External surface: mostly CN V3 Internal surface: CN IX
44
What structures are provided sensory innervation by CN IX?
``` Middle ear cavity Eustachian tube Nasopharynx Oropharynx Tonsils ```
45
What are the 3 bones found in the middle ear?
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (Stirrup)
46
What muscles are found in the inner ear?
Stapedius | Tensor tympani
47
What type of joint is found in the middle ear between the ossicles?
synovial joint
48
Where is the base of the stapes found?
In the oval window
49
What is the aditus?
Aditus* (doorway into) the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess
50
What two structures does the eustachian tube connect?
Connects anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
51
Where is the internal acoustic meatus located?
The pontomedullary junction
52
What are the 4 axon modalities of the facial nerve?
Special sensory sensory motor parasympathetic
53
Chorda tympani is a branch of which cranial nerve?
CN VII
54
What is supplied by the chorda tympani?
Taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue | Parasympathetic to submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
55
How does the stapedius muscle dampen excessive noise?
Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise
56
The chorda tympani piggy backs on what other cranial nerve?
lingual nerve branch of CN V3
57
What are the muscles of facial expression?
Frontalis Orbicularis oculi Elevators of lips Orbicularis oris
58
Asking the patient to complete what facial movements will test the muscles of facial expression and their innervation?
Frown Close eyes tightly smile Maintain air in puffed out cheeks
59
What is the otic capsule?
surrounds the structures of the inner ear
60
Otic capsule bone is denser than the surrounding temporal bone. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
61
What type of fluid is found between the bony and membranous labyrinths in the inner ear?
Perilymph (like ECF => high Na, Low K)
62
What fluid is found inside the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear?
Endolymph (like ICF -> Low Na, High K)
63
What is the other word for the apex of the cochlear spiral?
Cupula
64
How many semicircular canals are found in one ear and what are they named?
Superior Lateral Posterior
65
What is the name given to clusters of hair cells?
regions called maculae
66
How is sound transmitted in the inner ear?
- Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate - Vibrations transmitted through ossicles - Base of stapes vibrates in oval window - Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph - Hair cells in cochlea are moved, APs stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve - Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again - Pressure waves are dampened at round window
67
The cochlear duct is suspended by the spiral ligament and splits the cochlear canal into what 2 parts?
Scala vestibuli | Scala tympani

ENT (16 decks)

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