Anatomy

Question 1

What comprises the upper urinary tract?

Answer 1

kidney and ureters

Question 2

What comprises the lower urinary tract?

Answer 2

bladder and urethra

Question 3

What urinary tract organs are retroperitoneal?

Answer 3

kidney and ureters

Question 4

What urinary tract organs are found in the abdomen?

Answer 4

kidney

proximal ureters

Question 5

What urinary tract organs are found in the pelvis?

Answer 5

distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra

Question 6

What urinary tract organs are found in the perineum?

Answer 6

distal urethra

Question 7

What is the order, anterior to posterior, of the structures of the hilum of the kidney?

Answer 7

vein, artery, ureter

Question 8

What are the kidneys enclosed within?

Answer 8

renal capsule

Question 9

What is the order of the layers around the kidney, from outside to in?

Answer 9

visceral peritoneum
paranephric fat
renal fascia
perineprhic fat
renal capsule

Question 10

What is the role of the layers around the kidney?

Answer 10

provide protection

Question 11

What vertebrae level is the right kidney found?

Answer 11

L1-3

Question 12

What vertebrae level is the left kidney found?

Answer 12

T12-L1

Question 13

How do the kidneys move on inspiration?

Answer 13

inferiorly

Question 14

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?

Answer 14

lumbar nodes

Question 15

Where does lymph from the ureters drain to?

Answer 15

lumbar and iliac nodes

Question 16

What are the blood supplies to the ureters?

Answer 16

renal artery
abdominal aorta
common iliac
internal iliac
vesicle artery

Question 17

How are aortic aneurysms named?

Answer 17

depending on their relationship to the renal arteries

Question 18

How does an infrarenal AAA come about?

Answer 18

atherosclerosis causes renal artery stenosis and an AAA

Question 19

How does an suprarenal AAA come about?

Answer 19

occlusion of renal artery by the aneurysm causes the stenosis

Question 20

What is contained in the renal medulla?

Answer 20

renal pyramids - which contain regularly arranged nephrons which give the pyramids their striped appearance

Question 21

What are the 3 points of constriction of the urinary tract?

Answer 21

pelviureteric junction
ureter crossing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
ureteric orifice - opening into the trigone

Question 22

What are renal calculi?

Answer 22

kidney stones

Question 23

How do renal calculi form?

Answer 23

urine calcium salts - seen on Xray

Question 24

What type of muscle does the ureter have?

Answer 24

smooth muscle

Question 25

How does the ureteric smooth muscle act in response to an obstruction?

Answer 25

contracts in a peristalsis like movement - causing colicky pain

Question 26

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 26

water in the kidney - due to urine back pressure into the calyces that compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure

Question 27

What does acute hydronephrosis cause?

Answer 27

painful stretching of the renal capsule

Question 28

What comprises the false pelvis?

Answer 28

from the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet

Question 29

What seperates the false pelvis and the true pelvis?

Answer 29

pelvic rim

Question 30

What comprises the true pelvis?

Answer 30

pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor

Question 31

At what level do the ureters enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?

Answer 31

ischial spine level

Question 32

What type of structures are the ureters?

Answer 32

sub peritoneal (below the peritoneum)

Question 33

Where do pelvic veins drain to?

Answer 33

internal iliac vein

Question 34

What is the trigone?

Answer 34

triangle shape on the internal aspect of the bladder

Question 35

What makes up the trigone?

Answer 35

made up of the 2 urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

Question 36

What muscle contracts when the bladder contracts to prevent the reflux of urine?

Answer 36

detrouser

Question 37

What contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder?

Answer 37

internal urethral spinchter

Question 38

Where does the bladder sit when empty?

Answer 38

in pelvis

Question 39

Where does the bladder sit when full?

Answer 39

extends out of the pelvis

Question 40

What is the role of the epididymis?

Answer 40

storage of semen

Question 41

What is the role of the seminal gland?

Answer 41

produces semen

Question 42

What are the two types of urethra?

Answer 42

spongy | prostatic

Question 43

What causes an hydrocele?

Answer 43

excess water within the tunica vaginalis

Question 44

Where can the vas deferens be palpated?

Answer 44

within the spermatic cord

Question 45

What are the zones of the prostate gland?

Answer 45

peripheral zone | central zone

Question 46

Which zone of the prostate gland do cancers more normally start?

Answer 46

peripheral zone

Question 47

What is the blood supply to the penis?

Answer 47

deep arteries of the penis | branches of the internal pudendal artery from the internal iliac

Question 48

What is the blood supply to the scrotum?

Answer 48

dual supply: internal pudendual branches from the external iliac

Question 49

What is the lymphatic drainage from the scrotum and most of the penis?

Answer 49

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 50

What is the lymphatic drainage from the testis?

Answer 50

lumbar nodes around the aorta