anatomy

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

spine, skull and thorax

Question 2

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

upper and lower limbs

Question 3

What does the skeleton consist of?

Answer 3

bone, tendons and a fibrous layer of perichondrium/periosteum covering them

Question 4

What is the role of perichondrium?

Answer 4

attachment site for ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (bone to ligament)

Question 5

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 5

• standing erect, feet flat on floor under hips
• straight back with head facing forward
• eyes looking to infinity on horizon
• arms by side with hands facing forward

Question 6

What are the variations of the anatomical position?

Answer 6

prone - person is laying flat on their back

supine - person is laying face down

Question 7

What is a joint?

Answer 7

A connection between 2 or more bones, irrespective of whether movement can occur

Question 8

how can you histologically group joints?

Answer 8

fibrous
cartilaginous (primary and secondary)
synovial

Question 9

explain fibrous joints

Answer 9

• bones are united by fibrous tissue
• often limited movement
• eg. joint btw bones of cranium (no movement)
• eg. interosseous membrane btw radius and ulna (partial movement)

Question 10

what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

primary - joined by hyaline cartilage (flexible)

secondary - joined by fibro-cartilage surrounded by hyaline cartilage (strong)

Question 11

explain synovial joints:

Answer 11

• bones covered in articular cartilage
• covered by joint capsule
• joint capsule encases joint cavity
• joint cavity contains synovial fluid

Question 12

what type of joint makes up most limb joints?

Answer 12

synovial

Question 13

what bones articulate with the knee?

Answer 13

• lateral and medial condyles of distal femur
• lateral and medial condyles of tibia
• patella

Question 14

what ligaments stabilise tibia and femur in the coronal plane?

Answer 14

lateral and medical collateral ligaments

Question 15

how is lateral collateral ligament damaged?

Answer 15

medial force applied to knee

Question 16

how is medial collateral ligament damaged?

Answer 16

lateral force applied to knee

Question 17

what does the ACL attach to?

Answer 17

anterior collateral ligament (ACL) joins posterior aspect of lateral condyle of femur to anterior part of tibial plateau

Question 18

what does the PCL attach to?

Answer 18

posterior aspect of tibial plateau to anterior part of medial condyle of femur

Question 19

How is the ACL damaged?

Answer 19

• excessive twisting

- forwards movement of tibia

Question 20

how is the PLC damaged?

Answer 20

excessive forward movement of femur when fully weight-bearing

Question 21

What does cardiac muscle look like?

Answer 21

• striated
• tubular
• branched
• uni-nucleated
• involuntary

Question 22

What does smooth muscle look like

Answer 22

• narrow, tapered, rod-shaped cells
• non striated
• uni-nucleated
• involuntary

Question 23

What does skeletal muscle look like?

Answer 23

• striated
• tubular
• multi-nucleated fibres
• attached to skeleton
• voluntary

Question 24

which muscle morphology can pull the furthest distance?

Answer 24

fusiform muscle (eg biceps)

Question 25

which muscle morphology has the greatest power?

Answer 25

convergent muscle (eg pec. major)

Question 26

What is a motor unit?

Answer 26

all the muscle cells supplies by a single nerve fibre/axon

Question 27

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 27

movement of the trunk that occurs at the intervertebral disks - upper body moves from side to side

Question 28

What is the name of the muscle movement where the thumb moves to meet the little finger?

Answer 28

opposition

Question 29

What is pronation?

Answer 29

Movement of the forearm bones so the hand faces downwards (opposite is supination)

Question 30

What id protraction

Answer 30

movement of a bone forwards of another (eg jaw when chewing). Opposite is retraction

Question 31

What is eversion?

Answer 31

twisting of the feet so they face away from each other

Question 32

what is inversion?

Answer 32

movement of the feet so soles face towards each other

Question 33

How are the vertebra of the spine labeled?

Answer 33

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumber (5), sacral (5 fused forming sacrum), coccyx (4 fused)

Question 34

What is the odontoid peg?

Answer 34

a protrusion of axis (C2) that atlas (C1) sits on. It articulates with the anterior arch of atlas.

Question 35

What holds the odontoid peg in place?

Answer 35

The cruciate ligament

Question 36

What holes are found in cervical vertebra?

Answer 36

- vertebral foramen (for spinal cord) | - 2 transverse foramen ( for vertebral arteries)

Question 37

How is C7 different from the other C vertebra?

Answer 37

the other vertebra have a bifid spinous process, C7 does not

Question 38

How are thoracic and cervical vertebra different?

Answer 38

- thoracic have longer spinous processes - thoracic have no holes in transverse processes - thoracic have synovial joints for ribs to join ( transverse costal facet on transverse process and superior costal facet on vertebral body)

Question 39

how are lumber vertebra distinguished?

Answer 39

- more massive - large vertebral body - no transverse foramen

Question 40

with what joints do the lumber vertebrae join together?

Answer 40

Synovial joints between articular processes | Secondary cartilaginous joints between the vertebral bodies (intervertebral disk)

Question 41

what is thought to cause rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 41

damage to the synovial joints between articular processes

Question 42

What is thought to cause osteoarthritis

Answer 42

if articular cartilage of either kind of joint wears away.

Question 43

Why does a slipped disk cause back pain?

Answer 43

The herniated disk can put compress nerves causing pain

Question 44

How can the nervous system be anatomically divided?

Answer 44

Central NS - brain and spinal cord | Peripheral NS - 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Question 45

How can the nervous system be functionally divided?

Answer 45

Somatic NS - voluntary activities (skeletal muscles and sensations reaching consciousness) Autonomic NS - involuntary activities (motor to gland, blood vessels and the heart, sensory for BP, blood CO2 and fullness of duodenum)

Question 46

How can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided?

Answer 46

B1, parasympathetic - prepares for emergencies | B2, Sympathetic - state of rest and digestion

Question 47

how many cranial and spinal nerves are there?

Answer 47

spinal - 31 | cranial - 12

Question 48

what does the brainstem consist of?

Answer 48

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 49

What is the grey matter of the brain?

Answer 49

grey matter is neurone cell bodies - where thinking takes place. The outer surface of the grain is grey matter

Question 50

What is white matter?

Answer 50

This is axons - transfers information around the brain. This is found deep to the grey matter of the brain

Question 51

What are the 'hills' and 'valleys' in the brain called?

Answer 51

hills are the gyrus | valleys are the suclus

Question 52

What are the meningeal layers of the brain?

Answer 52

protective layers between the brain and the skull. Dura mater (closest to skull), arachnoid, pia mater

Question 53

What are the layers of the dura mater?

Answer 53

periosteal layer - closest to the skull meningeal layer - usually fused with the periosteal layer (forming a single tissue layer) but separates at certain points to fill with venous blood (venous sinuses)