Anatomy

Question 1

what are the two parts of the pleura

Answer 1

visceral and parietal

Question 2

What are the functions of the serous fluid found in the pleural cavity?

Answer 2

lubrication and surface tension

Question 3

Name the two pleural recesses

Answer 3

Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal

Question 4

describe the neurovascular supply of the parietal pleura

Answer 4

the parietal pleura is sensitive to pain, pressure and temperature. it is innervated by the phrenic and costal nerves and blood supply is derived from intercostal arteries

Question 5

describe the neurovascular supply of the visceral pleura

Answer 5

sensory fibres only detect stretch, recieves autonomic innervation from the pulmonary plexus
arterial supply is via the bronchial arteries

Question 6

how many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 6

left - 3

right - 3

Question 7

what are the surfaces of the lungs

Answer 7

costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic

Question 8

what is contained within the root of each lung and where do they enter the lung?

Answer 8

enter through the hilum,
contains: 
bronchus
pulmonary artery
two pulmonary veins
bronchial vessels
pulmonary plexus of nerves and lymphatic vessels

Question 9

describe the bronchial tree

Answer 9

trachea
right and left bronchus
lobular bronchi
tertiary/segmental bronchi
conducting bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli

Question 10

where do the bronchial arteries arise?

Answer 10

descending aorta

Question 11

the bronchial veins provide venous drainage for the lungs, where do the bronchial veins drain?

Answer 11

right bronchial vein drains into the azygous vein

left bronchial vein drains into the accessory hemiazygous vein

Question 12

the nerves of the lungs derive from which plexus?

Answer 12

pulmonary plexus

Question 13

which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation and visceral afferent innervation of the lungs?

Answer 13

Vagus nerve

Question 14

what is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 14

warm, humidify and filter the air

Question 15

in the nasal cavity what are the three nasal projections that extend form the lateral walls of each half?

Answer 15

superior, middle and inferior conchae

Question 16

What is the function of the conchae?

Answer 16

increase surface area in the nasal cavity, making air slow and turbulent so they it can be better humidified

Question 17

what type of epithelium lines the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

Answer 17

keratinized stratified epithelium

Question 18

what type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity (except the vestibule)?

Answer 18

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 19

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

Answer 19

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 20

name the three single and three paired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 20

single: thyroid, cricoid and epiglottic
paired: arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform

Question 21

what are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 21

protect the airway during swallowing, maintain a patent airway, sound production and cough refelx

Question 22

where does the trachea arise from?

Answer 22

lower border of the cricoid cartilage in the neck as a continuation of the larynx

Question 23

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 23

T4/5 (sternal angle)

Question 24

what type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 24

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 25

the trachea receives sensory innervation from which nerve?

Answer 25

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 26

what is the vascular supply and drainage of the trachea?

Answer 26

tracheal branches of the inferior thyroid artery, venous drainage is via the brachiocephalic, azygous and accessory hemiazygous veins

Question 27

where on the ribs does the neurovascular bundle run?

Answer 27

inferior edge within the costal groove

Question 28

what is the order of nerves veins and arteries in the costal neurovascular bundle? (superior to inferior)

Answer 28

Vein Artery Nerve (VAN)

Question 29

Where would you auscultate the: 1. Apex of the left lung? 2. Upper lobe of left lung? 3. Lower lobe of right lung? 4. Middle lobe of right lung?

Answer 29

1. above the left clavicle 2. Left posterior thorax at level T2/left mid axillary line between the forth and sixth ribs 3. right posterior thorax between the 7th and 10th ribs 4. right midclavicular line between the 4th and 6th rib

Question 30

What bony landmark does the carina correspond to?

Answer 30

sternal angle

Question 31

at which vertabral angle does the cricoid cartilage lie?

Answer 31

C6

Question 32

describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and explain its innervations

Answer 32

branches from the vagus nerve, hooks under the aortic arch and runs posterior to the trachea, providing sensory and motor innervation to the muscles of the larynx

Question 33

what is the name of the cells which produce surfactant like material in the bronchioles?

Answer 33

Clara cells

Question 34

what type of epithelium forms both the wall of alveolus and the walls of the capillary?

Answer 34

simple squamous epithelium

Question 35

name 3 types of cell found in the alveoli and describe their function

Answer 35

1. Type 1 cell - squamous cells which forms the wall of the alveolus and is the site of gas exchange 2. type 2 cells - round cells which may bulge into the alveolus, secretes surfactant 3. macrophage - phagocytose air-bourn particulate matter or erythrocytes from damaged capillaries