Anatomy Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Extracellular matrix
A
A substance produced by the cells of a specific tissue and can contain protein fibers, salt, water and dissolved macromolecules
Located outside of cells
2
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
- Covers the body’s outer surface and lines it’s internal cavities
- organs are lined on the outside and inside by epithelial tissue
- the majority of glands are derived from epithelial tissue
- epithelial tissues posses little to no Extracellular matrix.
3
Q
Connective tissue
A
Binds and support the body’s organs
4
Q
Muscle tissue
A
Enable movement
5
Q
Nervous tissue
A
Enables communication among the body’s organs
6
Q
Characteristic of epithilial tissue
A
Cellularity Polarity Attachment Avascularity Innervation Regeneration
7
Q
Cellularity
A
Composed entirely of cells with little Extracellular matrix
Cells are bound together by several types of intercellular junctions
8
Q
Polarity
A
Epithelial cells have an apical(top or exposed) surface and a basal surface where they attach to underlying cells
9
Q
Attachment
A
Basal surface is attached to a thin basement membrane, which is an acellular structure produced by both epithelial and underlying connective tissue cells
10
Q
Avascularity
A
All epithelial tissue lack blood vessels, the cell receive their nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissue
11
Q
Innervation
A
Epithilia are richly innervated to detect changes in environment at a body organ region
12
Q
Regeneration
A
Because apical surface is constantly exposed to the environment, epithelial cells are frequently damaged or die, they are replaced as quickly as they are lost.
13
Q
Functions of epithelial tissue
A
Physical protection
Selective permeability
Secretions
Sensations
14
Q
Physical protection
A
From dehydration and abrasion; and physical, chemical, and biological agents.
15
Q
Selective permeability
A
Regulates the passage of certain molecules in or out of a certain region of the body.
16
Q
Secretions
A
Some epithelial cells called exocrine cells produce secretions such as sweat or oil.
17
Q
Sensation
A
Posses nerve endings that can detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing.
18
Q
Basement membrane
A
- A specialized structure of epithelium
- found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
- provides physical support and anchoring of epithelial tissue
- acts as a barrier to regulate passage of large molecules between epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
19
Q
Epithelial cell layers
A
- simple epithelium
- stratified epithelium
- pseudo stratified epithelium
20
Q
Simple epithelium
A
A single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane.
21
Q
Stratified epithelium
A
- Two or more layers of cells
- not all cells have an apical surface nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane.
22
Q
Pseudostartified epithelium
A
-single layer but not all cells reach the apical surface and their nuclei give the appearance of multilayered, stratified epithelium.. But they are not
23
Q
Epithelial cell shapes
A
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
24
Q
Squamous
A
Flattened and similar to the shape of a fried egg.
25
Cuboidal
About the same size on all sides, the nucleus is usually centrally located.
26
Columnar
Taller than they are wide and nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell.
27
Simple squamous epithelium structure
Single later of flat cells
28
Simple squamous epithelium function
Rapid diffusion and some secretion in serous membranes
29
Simple squamous epithelium location
- lining of alveoli of lungs
- lining of blood vessels-called "endothelium"-only component of walls of capillaries
- lining of heart-called "endocardium"
- serous membranes of body cavities
30
Simple cuboidal epithelium structure
Single layer of cube shaped cells
31
Simple cuboidal epithelium function
Absorption and secretion
32
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
Thyroid gland follicles, kidney tubules, ducts and secretory regions of most glands
33
Simple columnar epithelium structure
Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide, oval shaped nucleus near base of cell, apical regions have microvilli, may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
34
Simple columnar epithelium function
Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucin
35
Simple columnar epithelium location
Lining of most digestive tract
36
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium structure
Same as non-ciliated columnar epithelium except that cells have cilia on their apical surface
37
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium function
Secretion of mucin, movement of mucus along apical surface by action of cilia, movement of oocyte through urine tube
38
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium location
Larger bronchioles of respiratory tract, lining of uterine tube
39
Structure of Stratified squamous epithelium-nonkeratinized
-multiple layers of cells, named for appearance of apical cells that are squamous
40
Function of stratified squamous epithelium-nonkeratinized
Protection against abrasion
41
Location of stratified squamous epithelium-nonkeratinized
Lining of oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anus
42
Structure of stratified squamous epithelium-keratinized
Multiple layers of cells
More superficial cells are dead
Lack nuclei
Filled with protein keratin
43
Function of stratified squamous epithelium-keratinized
Protection against abrasion
44
Location of stratified squamous epithelium-keratinized
Epidermis of skin
45
Stratified cuboidal epithelium description
Two or three layers of box-shaped cells
46
Stratified cuboidal epithelium functions
Protection and secretion
47
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
Sweat glands
48
Stratified columnar epithelium description
Two or three layers of tall, elongated cells
49
Stratified columnar epithelium functions
Protection and secretion
50
Stratified columnar epithelium locations
Salivary glands,some regions of male urethra
51
Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium structure
Single layer of columnar epithelial cells of different heights, all connect to basement membrane but not all reach apical surface, this And layered appearance if nuclei suggest multiple layers of cells.
Ciliated with globlet
52
Pseudostartified columnar epithelium function
Protection, secrete mucin, movement of mucus
53
Pseudostartified columnar epithelium location
Lines most of respiratory tract
54
Transitional epithelium structure
Multiple layers of cells of varying shapes
| Cells are cuboidal when the organ is relaxed but squamous when the organ is stretched
55
Transitional epithelium functions
Allow dissension of organs that fill with urine
56
Transitional epithelium locations
Ureters, urinary bladder, and part of male urethra
57
Connective tissue
Most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally varied of all four tissue types
Functions is to connect one structure to another structure
Is the glue and filler of the body
Ex: tendons, ligaments, body fat, bones, and cartilage
58
Structural component of connective tissue
-Cells: different cells for different types of ct- bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells
-Protein fibers: elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fiber
-Ground substance: a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water.
The protein fibers and ground substance comprise the Extracellular matrix, which is produced by the CT cells
59
Functions of connective tissue
- physical protection
- support and structural framework
- binding structures
- storage
- transport
- immune protection
60
Classification of connective tissue
CT proper
Supporting CT
Fluid CT
-blood
61
3 types of protein fibers produced by CT cells and secreted into the Extracellular matrix
- collagen fibers
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibre
62
Collagen fibers
- Long, unbranching, strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching.
- they make up 25% of all protein in the human body, making collagen the most abundant protein.
63
Elastic fibers
Thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch, and rejoin.
| These fibers allow structured such as blood vessels to stretch and relax
64
Reticular fibers
- Thinner than collagen fibers, form a meshwork-like configuration
- they are found in organs with abundant spaces such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen-act as packing material.
65
Ground substance of connective tissue proper
- A combination of proteins and carbohydrates
| - additional content such as water and salts can result in a texture anywhere from semifluid(adipose,fat) to hard (bone)
66
Areolar CT structure
Fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers, viscous ground substance
67
Areolar CT function
Packing around organs-attaches to adjacent structures
68
Areolar CT location
Major component of subcutaneous layer of skin
Surrounds individual nerve and muscle cells
7 forms the outer layer of blood vessels
69
Adipose CT
Known as fat
70
Adipose CT structure
Composed mainly of adipocyte(fat cells) that are filled with one droplet of lipid
71
Adipose CT functions
Cushioning of organs, thermal insulation, energy storage
72
Adipose CT locations
Subcutaneous layer of skin, surround kidney
73
Reticular CT structure
Contains reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and leukocyte
74
Reticular CT function
Part of lymphatic organs
75
Reticular CT location
Found in spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
76
Dense regular CT structure
Fibers(mostly collagen) packed tightly together and aligned parallel to applied force
77
Dense regular CT function
Provides great strength and flexibility, primarily in a single direction
78
Dense regular CT locations
Found in tendons(attach muscle to bone) and ligaments(attach bone to bone)
79
Dense irregular CT structure
Bundle of collagen fibers extending in all directions
80
Dense irregular CT function
Provide tensile strength in all directions
81
Dense irregular CT locations
Found in reticular layer of the dermis, capsule around the organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen, outer covering of muscle and nerves
82
Elastic CT structure
Elastic and collagen fibers are arranged irregularly
83
Elastic CT function.
Predominance of elastic fibers provides ability to stretch and recoil
84
Elastic CT location
In the vocal cords and middle layer of large and medium sized arteries
85
Cartilage
-Cells are called chondrocytes
-Extracellular matrix is a gel like and contain collagen and elastic fibers
-the only avascular connective tissue
-provides support along with flexibility
-chondrocytes occupy small spaces enclosed by their Extracellular matrix and lacunae
Three types: 1.hyaline 2.elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
86
Hyaline cartilage structure
Glassy appearing matrix, chondrocytes irregularly scattered throughout
87
Hyaline cartilage function
Smooth surface for movement, supports soft tissue
88
Hyaline cartilage location
Found in fetal skeleton, and ends of bones that articulate with each other, in trachea, larynx, and nose
89
Elastic cartilage structure
- Abundant elastic fibers form web-like mesh around lacunae.
- chondrocytes almost indistinguishable from those of hyaline cartilage, closely packed with little Extracellular matrix.
90
Elastic cartilage function
Maintains structure and shape while permitting extensive flexibility
91
Elastic cartilage location
External ear, epiglottis of larynx
92
Fibrocartilage structure
Readily visible, parallel bundles of large collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in parallel rows; densely interwoven collagen fibers contribute to the durability
93
Fibrocartilage function
Strong support and shock absorption in areas of heavy pressure and compression
94
Fibrocartilage location
Intervertebral discs, pubic synthesis and knee joints(menisci)
95
Bone
- Cells are called osteocytes reside in lacunae
- calcified Extracellular matrix is a unique mixture of collagen and bone salts.
- this mixture provides extreme strength(from the bone salts)and microflexibility(from the collagen)
- 2types: compact+spongy bone
96
Compact bone structure
Matrix arranged in osteon(concentric lamellae around a central canal); laconae located at boundaries of lamellae, canalaculi connect lacunae with central canal.
97
Compact bone function
Supports, protects, levers for muscles, stores calcium
98
Compact bone location
Bones of the body
99
Spongy bone structure
Same matrix material as compact bone and may have lamellae but lack central canal
100
Spongy bone function
Same as compact bone but also is cite of hemopoiesis (formation of blood cells)
101
Spongy bone location
Central layer of flat bone, inner surface of some long bones
102
Fluid connective tissue is composed of:
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes,platelets
103
Plasma
A watery ground substance containing protein fibers
104
Erythrocytes
Red blood cell
105
Leukocyte
White blood cells
106
Platelet
Fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting
107
Muscle tissue
- Comprised of cells called fibers
- when stimulated by the nervous system,fibers shorten or contract
- the result of contraction is movement(movement of bones, blood, food,sperm)
3types: skeletal,cardiac,smooth
