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Fundamentals Of Life Science > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the microanatomy of cells and the integration of their visual appearance to their structure and function

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2
Q

What are the 4 main tissues?

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscles

Nervous

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3
Q

Define anabolic

A

Small molecules combine to form 1 big one

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4
Q

Define catabolic

A

1 big molecule breas down into smaller molecules

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5
Q

What are the destinations of proteins synthesised by RER associated and free ribosomes?

A

RER associated -Synthesise proteins for secretion and addition to cell membranes such as channel/transporter proteins, excreted proteins such as hormones will be used outside of the cell

Free- Synthesise proteins to be used within the cell

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6
Q

What is the main histological preparation process?

A
  1. Carry out biopsy - collection of tissue from the specimine
  2. Sample placed in fixative fluid
  3. Sample dehydrate in a series of alcohol baths with anincreasing concentration (50, 70, 95, 100)
  4. Cells then placed into a paraffin bloc
  5. Paraffin bloc is heated and the cells absorb the wax as the bloc melts. As it cools the cells are embedded into the wax
  6. sample is sliced along the paraffin bloc approx 7um
  7. Sample is stained to see the tissue structure
  8. The sample can now be placed on a slide and viewed under a microscope
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7
Q

What is the main standard stain?

A

H&E Haematoxylin and Eosine

Haematoxylin - Basic stain
Stains nucleus purple due to the acidic nature of DNA

Eosine - Acidic stain
Stains cytoplams pink due to the basic nature of the proteins present and many other components

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8
Q

Why do you dehydrate the histological preparation sample?

A

Prevents water from the sample reacting with the stain or dehydration chemicals

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9
Q

What colour does the nucleus, cytoplasm and connective tissue appear after staining with HvG

A

HvG - Haematoxylin and Van Gieson

Nucleus - grey/blue

Cytoplasm - Green/yellow

Connective tissue - red (collagen)

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10
Q

How are epithelial tissues classifiied?

A

Number of cell layers - 1 layer = simple… 2 layers = Stratefied

Shape of cells - Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Specialisation - Microvilli, cilia, keratinisation, Goblet cells

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11
Q

What is the apical and basal layer?

A

Apical - Top layer facing the lumen

Basal - Bottom layer facing the connective tissue

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12
Q

Where would simple columnar epithelia be found and what would be its funciton?

A

Found - Gall bladder, small intestine

Use - Absorption of substances

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13
Q

Where would simple cuboidal epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found -Collecting tubes of kidney, small excretory ducts and pancreas

Use - exretory, secretory or absorptive functions

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14
Q

Where would simple squamous epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found - alveoli, blood vessels, lining/body cavities

Use - selective diffusion, absorption, secretion

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15
Q

What would simle columnar ciliated epithelia be found and what would be its funciton?

A

Found - Fallopian tubes

Use - Ciliary action aids transport of the ovum from the ovary

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16
Q

What would stratefied squamous epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found - Ora cavity, pharynx, eosophagus, anal canal, uterine, cervix and vagina

Use - Protective function due to large number of cells

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17
Q

Where would pseudostratefied columnar ciliated epithelia be found and what would be its function?

A

Found - Respiratory tract and in nose and sinuses

Use - Cilia move mucus around respiratory tract

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18
Q

What are some functions of epithelia tissue?

A

Interface between internal and external environment

Selective diffusion, absorption and secretion

Form glands

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19
Q

What are the importance of intracellular contacts/Junctions?

A

Maintain cell polarity

Maintain tissue integrity (retaining flexibility)

Medaitors of metabolic and information exchange

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20
Q

Define vascular and Avascular?

A

Vascular - Blood vessles present

Avascular - lacks blood vessels

Epithelia are avascular

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21
Q

What is the function of tight Junctions?

A

Limit paracellular transport

Help maintain cell polarity

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22
Q

What is the anatomical classification of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle - Attaches to bones

Cardiac muscle - the heart

Smooth/visceral muscle - internal organs and vessels

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23
Q

What is the histological classification of muscles?

A

Straited - Skeletal /cardiac

Smooth - Visceral

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24
Q

What is the physiological classification of muscles?

A

Voluntary - Skeletal

Involuntary - Smooth/cardiac

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25
What are the components of microfilaments of muscle?
Thin - Actin, troponin, tropomyosin Thick - Mysoin
26
What are the different sections of a sarcomere?
A band - Mysoin filaments, actin filaments I band - Actin filaments H zone - Only myosin Z line - end of sarcomere
27
What happens to parts of a sarcomere upon muscle contraction?
H band disappears I band Shortens
28
What are the different sections of connective tissue associated within mucles?
Epimysium - Encases all fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres) forming complete muscle Perimysium - Encircles around a group of muscle fibres forming fascicles Endomysium - Surrounds muscle cells within a muscle fibre
29
What are some histological properties of skeletal muscle?
``` Striated Multinucleated peripheral nucleus Flattened nucleus No branching Elongated fibres No intercalating discs T-tubules system Innervated by a single motor axon ```
30
What are some histological properties of Cardiac muscle?
``` Striated Central nucleus Shape of nucleus is normal branching of muscle fibres Shape of fibres is fibrous Intercalating discs present T-tubules system Innervated by sympathetic nervous system ```
31
What are some histological properties of smooth mucsle?
``` Non-striated Central nucleus Nucleus shape is normal No branching Fibres are spirally shaped Has Gap Junctions No T-tubules system Innervated by the sympathetic nervous system ```
32
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
Epidermis - Provides a protective barrier with the outside environment Dermis - Support and blood vessels, also contains hair folicules and sweat glands Hypodermis (subcutis) - Adipose tissue
33
What are the functions of the skin?
Protection - UV light, Mechanical stress Sensation - touch, pressure, pain, temperature Thermoregulation - hairs, sweat glands, blood vessels, adipose tissue Metabolic functions - Vitamine D synthesis Sexual signalling - Visual features, sex pheromone production
34
What are the apendages of the skin?
Hair, hair folicles Sweat glands Subaceous glands
35
What are the properties of the epidermis?
Apical outermost layer Stratefied squamous epithelia keratinised
36
What are the epidermal layers?
Stratum cornea Straum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum Basal
37
What is the extra layer of the epidermis in the palms of hands and soles of feet?
Stratum lucidum between cornea and granulosum
38
What are the properties of the dermis?
``` Connective tissue Hair folicles sensory receptors Sweat glands Subaceous glands Blood vessels ```
39
What are the properties of the hypodermis?
Adipose tissue
40
What are the function of eccrine glands (sweat glands)?
Secrete water to the skin surface which then cools the body by evaportation
41
What is the funciton of apocrine glands?
Secrete substances whcih produce a sent
42
WHat does the subaceous gland do?
keeps the skin moist by secreting an oily substance to the surface
43
What is connective tissue?
Tissue of mesodermal origin providing structural support and metabolic support for the other tissues and organs in the body.
44
What is connetive tissue made up of?
Made up of fibres, ground susbtance and cells
45
What are the types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Cartilage and bone
46
What are the components of loose connective tissue?
``` Hydrate ground substance Collagen fibres Elastin fibres Fibroblasts Immune system cells Blood vessels Adipose tissue ```
47
What is the function of loose connective tissue?
Surrounds blood vessels and underlies all epithelia. site of exhcange between capillary and tissues (metabolic) Provides environment for exchange of nutrients and waste products between tissues and the blood
48
What are the components of dense connective tissue?
``` Fibroblasts collagen elastin reticular fibres Sparse ground substance Some immune cells ```
49
What is the function of dense connective tissue?
Provides tough physical support and protection in ligaments, tendons and the dermis of the skin. Has both regular and irregular forms depedning on the shape and order of collagen fibres
50
What is gound substance?
Amorphous fluid which surrounds the fibres and cells which is highly hydrated
51
What are the components of gound substance?
Hyaluronic acid - provides strength Heparan sulphate keratan sulphate
52
What types of fibres are present in connective tissue and what are their functions?
Collagen fibres - provide high tensile strength Elastin fibres - provide ability to stretch and recoil bac to its original shape Reticular fibres - provides a scaffolding for cells
53
What are the functions of the 2 types of adipose tissue?
White - storage of triglycerides as energy reserve and for metabolic roles Brown - Metabolises triglycerides for heat under NS control
54
What are the funcitons of chondroblasts and osteoclasts?
Chondroblasts - Secrete the elastin and collagen fibres appropriate to the cartilage type GAGs that bind to water Osteoclasts - secrete the organic osteoid matrix and collagen fibres, the matrix being mineralised later to form bone
55
What is cartilage?
Avascular connective tissue found on all articular surfaces of all synovial joints. Forms the flexible skeleton of the nose, larynx, pinna of the ear and costal cartilages of the ribs Highly hydrated meaning it can withstand compressive foces to provide almost frictionless surface
56
What are the different types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastin Fibrous
57
What is the structure of Hyaline cartilage?
Highly hydrated ground substance of 3 GAGs (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate) High density of collagen fibres
58
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Support movable joints between bones due to its frictionless surface and high strength capacity to act as a shock absorber
59
Where would hyaline cartilage be found?
``` At ends of bones in free moving joints. at ends of ribs Nose Pharynx Trachea ```
60
What is articular cartilage?
Specialised form of hyaline cartilage on the articulating surfaces of bone without nervese/vasculature Smooth surfaced with a low friction coefficient & collagen fibres orientated parallel to the surface of the bone allowing bones to glide over each other
61
What is the structure of elastic cartilage?
Structurally similar to hyaline cartilage but also consists of many elastic fibres lying in a solid matrix
62
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Due to its strength and elasticity, elastic cartilage is used to maintain shapes of structures such as the external ear
63
Where would elastic cartilage be found?
Larynx | Pinna of the ear
64
What is the structure of fibrous cartilage?
The type of collagen is type 1 compared to other cartilage types having type II cartilage
65
What is the function of fibrous cartilage?
Very tough and strong and is found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the intersections of ligaments and tendons
66
What is orceine?
Type of stain for elastic fibres
67
What are the cells present in cartilage?
Chondroblasts - At outer edge of cartilage and secrete ECM Chondrocytes - Make matrix and maintain the cartilage ECM
68
What is the functional significance of the perichondrium?
Functions in growth and repair of cartilage
69
What is bone?
Living tissue which is a form of dense irregular connective tissue containing large amounts of collagen and a mineralised ECM
70
What are the different types of bone?
Compact bone - Corticle/lamellar Spongy boen - Cancellous bone Woven bone - type of cancellous bone
71
What are the functions of bone?
Mechanical support / movement Calcium homeostasis Haematopoeisis
72
What is osteoporosis?
Metabolic bone disease Leads to skeletal fragility and an increased risk of fracture
73
What are the various cells in bones and what are their functions?
Osteoblasts - Cells that form bone Osteocytes - A cell that lies in fully formed bone occupying a lacuna contained in a calcified matrix Osteoclasts - role in bone remodelling and errode old/damaged bone to then be developed into woven bone and further remodelled into corticle or cancellous bone
74
What is an osteon?
Osteons (haverisan system) consist of concentric layers of osteocytes surrounding a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves and a lining of osteoblasts
75
What is woven bone?
Developing boind or bone formed directly after fractures where the collagen fibres are arranged in a random orientation
76
What is corticle/lamellar bone?
80% of adult bone where osteoblasts have laid down the matrix in concentric rings forming osteons and the haversian systems Forms the peripheral aspect of all bone
77
What is cancellous bone?
Marrow bone which has spaces containing haematopoietic cells (red marrow) or fat (yellow marrow) Hollow interior is supported by trabuclea
78
What are trabuclea?
Boney struts arranged along stress lines
79
What happens if bones lose thier blood supply?
Death of tissue - avascular necrosis
80
What are the components of ground substance of bone?
GAGs Hydroxyapartite crystals Calcium sulphate

Fundamentals Of Life Science (26 decks)

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