Anatomy

Question 1

Through which transverse foramen of the cervical vertebra does the vertebral artery pass?

Answer 1

C6-1

Question 2

How many segments of the vertebral artery are there?

Answer 2

4 segments

Question 3

Extent of V1

Answer 3

Prevertebral.

From its origin at the subclavian artery to C6

Question 4

Extent of V2

Answer 4

Vertebral segment

Runs within the transverse foramen from C6 to C2

Question 5

Extent of V3

Answer 5

Extradural segment

From C2 to the foramen magnum

Question 6

Extent of V4?

Answer 6

From the entry into the dura of the foramen magnum until its junction with the contralateral vertebral artery where it forms the basilar.

Question 7

What are the collateral branches of the vertebral arteries?

Answer 7

Anterior meningeal artery

Posterior meingeal artery

Posterior spinal artery

Question 8

Branches of the vertebral artery

Answer 8

ASA

PICA

Question 9

Features of the anterior spinal artery?

Answer 9

Formed from two branches oiginating from each of the VAs prior to their union as the basilar artery.

Runs in the surface of the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord, supplies blood to the anterior 2/3rds.

Question 10

Features of PICA

Answer 10

Supplies the posterolateral medulla, the fourth ventricle and the posteroinferior cerebellar hemispheres

Question 12

Level of termination of the basilar artery/

Answer 12

Interpeduncular cistern

Question 13

Branches of the basilar

Answer 13

AICA

Labyrinthine

Pontine

SCA

Question 14

Extent of P1

Answer 14

Pre-communicating segment

From the bifurcation of the basilar artery to the junction of PComm

Gives off multiple perforators to hte thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and the anterolateral segment of the midbrain.

Question 15

Extent of P2

Answer 15

Ambient segment

From the junction of ht ePComm to the posterior edge of the midbrain.

Some of the PCA branches at this segment are the lateral posterior choroidal artery and thalamogeniculate arteries.

Question 16

Extent of the P3 segment

Answer 16

Quadrigeminal segment

From the posterior edge of the midbrain to the anterior limit of the calcarine fissure.

The branches of this segment supply the posteroinferior temporal lobe (posterior temporal artery)

Occipital lobe (parieto-occipital artery and calcarine artery

And the posterior segment of the corpus callosum (posterior pericallosal artery)

Question 17

Number of segments of PCA?

Answer 17

4 segments

Question 21

Extent of P4 segment

Answer 21

Terminal segment

Question 22

Anatomy of Alexia without Agraphia

Answer 22

Cerebral hemispheric infarction

Left occipital region plus splenium of corpus callosum.

Due to infraction of Callosal branches

Question 23

Pure word blindness, can write but not read

Answer 23

Alexia without agraphia

Question 24

Signs and symptoms of alexia without agraphia

Answer 24

Can write but not read

May have contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 25

Balint Snydrome

Answer 25

Bilateral loss of voluntary but not reflex eye movements

Bilateral optic ataxia- poor visual-motor co-ordination

Asimultagnosia- inability to understand visual objects

Question 26

Anatomy of Balint syndrome

Answer 26

Bilateral parietal occpital lobe infarct due to bilateral PCA stroke

Question 27

Claude Sydnrome

Answer 27

Contralateral ataxia of arm and leg.

Marked ataxia differentiates from Benedkits

Question 28

Anatomy of Claude syndrome

Answer 28

Contralateral ataxia due to infarction of midbrain tegmentum secondary to PCA occlusion.

May also have ipsilateral oculomotr palsy with contralateral tremor and ataxia

Question 29

Weber Syndrome

Answer 29

Basal midbrain stroke Contralateral weakness of arm and leg due to corticospinal tract involvelent Ipsilateral CN3 palsy

Question 30

Anton Syndrome

Answer 30

Cortical blindness Bilateral visual loss Unawareness or denial of blindness

Question 31

Anatomy of Anton syndrome

Answer 31

Bilateral PCA occlusion or top of basilar occlusion Due to bilateral occipital lobe involvement

Question 32

Unilateral Occpital PCA stroke

Answer 32

Conralateral homonymous heminaopia with macular sparing Due to infarction of occipital and infero-medial temporal lobes

Question 33

Dejerine Roussy Syndrome

Answer 33

Thalamic pain syndrome Due to thalamoperforator branch infarction Causes hemisensory loss- all modalities Hemi-body pain

Question 34

Benedikt syndrome

Answer 34

Paramedian midbrain syndrome Ipsilateral CN3 palsy Cerebellar ataxia with choreoathetotic movements (red nucleus) May involve contralateral hemiparesis due to involvement of corticospinal tract.

Question 35

Benedikt syndrome

Answer 35

Paramedian midbrain syndrome Ipsilateral CN3 palsy Cerebellar ataxia with choreoathetotic movements (red nucleus) May involve contralateral hemiparesis due to involvement of corticospinal tract.