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principles week 7 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of nerves?

A

Allows us to sense both internal and external environments

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2
Q

What are the sensory functions?

A
  • pain
  • touch
  • temperature
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3
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  • taste
  • smell
  • sight
  • hearing
  • balance
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4
Q

Reflex functions include what?

A

A sensory input and a motor output

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5
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
  • autonomic nerves
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7
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron

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8
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Extensions of the neuron

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9
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

A ganglion

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10
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the CNS and PNS?

A
  • CNS; tract

- PNS; nerve

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11
Q

Describe the peripheral nerves

A

Bundles of axons (nerve fibres) wrapped in connective tissue. Travelling to / from the same region or structure. Bundles of axons can leave as branches

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12
Q

What nerves are named?

A

The larger nerves supplying body wall, body cavities and organs

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13
Q

What are the six modalities of axons?

A
  • somatic sensory function
  • somatic motor function
  • special sensory function
  • visceral afferent function
  • sympathetic function
  • parasympathetic function
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14
Q

Are spinal nerves and branches mixed of all from the same modality?

A

Mixed

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15
Q

What does motor (efferent) action potential acts towards?

A

Towards body wall, body cavity or organ CNS»PNS

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16
Q

What does sensory (afferent) action potential act towards?

A

Towards the brain PNS»CNS

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17
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Make up the brain. They are dips, troughs and grooves. Gyri sit up and sulci sit down, sit deeper

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18
Q

How many lobes are in the brain?

A

4 lobes

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19
Q

How are the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere named?

A

According to the cranial bone in which they lie deep to

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20
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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21
Q

Name cranial nerve 1 and its function

A
  • olfactory nerve

- sensory (special) function

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22
Q

Name cranial nerve 2 and its function

A
  • optic nerve

- sensory (special) function

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23
Q

Name cranial nerve 3 and its function

A
  • oculomotor nerve

- motor function

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24
Q

Name cranial nerve 4 and its function

A
  • trochlear nerve

- motor function

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25
Name cranial nerve 5 and its function
- trigeminal nerve | - both sensory and motor function
26
Name cranial nerve 6 and its function
- abducent nerve | - motor function
27
Name cranial nerve 7 and its function
- facial nerve | - both sensory and motor function
28
Name cranial nerve 8 and its function
- vestibocochlear nerve | - special sensory function
29
Name cranial nerve 9 and its function
- glossopharyngeal | - both sensory and motor function
30
Name cranial nerve 10 and its function
- vagus nerve | - both sensory and motor function
31
Name cranial nerve 11 and its function
- spinal accessory nerve | - motor function
32
Name cranial nerve 12 and its function
- hypoglossal nerve | - motor function
33
What nerve has three parts?
Cranial nerve 5
34
What foramina does CN1 go through?
cibroid plate of the ethmoid bone
35
What foramina does CN2 go through?
Optic canal
36
What foramina does CN3, 4, 6 and part of CN5 go through?
Superior orbital fissure
37
What foramina does CN 5 part 2 go through?
Foramen rotundum
38
What foramina does CN 5 part three go through?
Foramen ovale
39
What foramina does CN 8 and 9 go through?
Internal acoustic meatus
40
What foramina does CN9, 10 and 11 go through?
Jugular foramen
41
What foramina does CN 12 go through?
Hypoglossal canal
42
Describe the spinal cord
- connect with brain - passes through foramen magnum - protected by vertebral canal - has 4 segments; cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral/coccygeal - connects bilaterally with spinal nerves, 31 pairs - has 2 enlargements; cervical and lumbosacral - ends inferiorly at L1/L2 intervertebral disc level, conus medullaris
43
How are nerves named?
According to the vertebrae above it. Except in the cervical region, where they are named according to the vertebrae below it
44
Where does the C8 spinal nerve exits?
Between C7 and T1 vertebrae
45
What do the posterior rami supply?
They supply a small posterior strip, only sensory
46
What do the anterior rami supply?
Supply the remainder of the posterior part, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strip. Supply all of the limbs via plexus. Only motor
47
Are spinal nerves, rami and roots mixed or not mixed?
Spinal nerves; mixed Rami; mixed Roots; not mixed
48
The body wall is divided into segments which are supplied by what?
A single pair of spinal nerves
49
What are dermatones?
Area (strip) of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spina nerve. Except the limbs, no posterior rami
50
What are the landmarks on the dermatome maps?
- t4 dermatome; nipple | - t10 dermatome; umbilicus
51
What is a nerve plexus?
A network of intertwined anterior rami
52
What are the four plexuses?
- cervical plexus; C1-C4 anterior rami, posterior scale, neck wall and diaphragm - branchial plexus; C5-T1 anterior rami, upper limb - lumbar plexus; L1-L4 anterior rami, lower limb - sacral plexus; L5-S4 anterior rami, lower limb, gluteal region and perineum
53
What are the two functional subdivisions of the nervous system?
- somatic nervous system | - autonomic nervous system
54
What does the soma include?
- head and neck walls - chest walls - back - the diaphragm - abdominal wall - pelvic wall - limbs
55
Name some sensations felt by the body wall
- coarse touch - fine touch - vibration - proprioception - all sensed by mechanoreceptors ^ - temperature sensed by thermoreceptors - sharp pain - stabbing pain - well localised pain - sensed by nociceptors ^
56
Describe the sensory neurones
- sense the internal environment - heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and gland secretions - organ sensory nerves are called visceral afferent
57
Describe the motor neurones
- respond to changes in internal environment - motor to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands - dual motor control - many internal organs have both a sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply
58
What happens during the fight or flight response?
- pupils; dilate - heart; rate increases - lungs; bronchioles dilate - GI tract; motility is reduced - liver; glucose released into the blood - adrenal glands; adrenaline. noradrenaline released - arterioles; dilate (eg in skeletal muscle) or constrict (eg in skin) skin feels cold and looks pale - skin; hair stands on end and sweat produced
59
Describe sympathetic outflow
- originates from autonomic centres in the brain - passes down spinal cord - exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves - travel to sympathetic chains running the length of the vertebral column - pass into all spinal nerves - 'hitch a ride' with arteries to all head and neck organs and skin - travel via splanchnic nerves to reach organs
60
Describe the rest and digest response
- pupils; constrict - heart; rate decreases - lungs; bronchioles constrict - GI tract; motility is increased - liver; glucose synthesis - bladder; sphincter relaxes
61
Describe parasympathetic outflow
- all parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via cranial nerves 3,8,9 and 10 and via sacral spinal nerves - craniosacral outflow - internal organs, not body wall

principles week 7 (5 decks)

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