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Anatomy Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract (4)

A

Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract (6)

A 
Trachea
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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3
Q

At level of C6 vertebra (2)

A

The larynx becomes the trachea

The pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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4
Q

Lung Lobe (4)

A

Area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air
3 in right lung (upper, middle, lower)
2 in left lung (upper,lower)
Fissures separate lobes from each other

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5
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

Area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air
Each lung has 10

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6
Q

Each lung lobe and branchopulmonary segment has its own (4)

A

Air supply
Blood supply
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply

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7
Q

Where is epithelium lining present in the lower respiratory tract (2)

A

From the trachea to the segmental bronchus

None in distal bronchioles and alveoli

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8
Q

Hyaline cartilage (4)

A

Supports trachea and bronchi walls
Maintains patency of airways
Amount of cartilage decreases distally in the respiratory tree
None in the bronchioles and alveoli

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9
Q

Alveoli must have no smooth muscle or cartilage

A

To ensure the diffusion of gases

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10
Q

Smooth muscle (3)

A

Increases distally in the respiratory tree
Present in bronchioles for constriction and dilation
Wheezing is the sound when air passes through constricted airways - occurs in respiratory diseases

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11
Q

Requirements for O2 and CO2 diffusion between alveolus and blood (5)

A 
Sufficient functioning lung tissue
Sufficient O2 in the air we breathe in
No CO2 in the air we breathe in
Minimal thickness of alveolus wall
Minimal tissue fluid in the alveolar tissue spaces - Buildup leads to oedema
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12
Q

Main dangers to airway flow (4)

A

Bronchiole constriction
Swelling of mucosa lining and mucous overproduction
Compression from tumour
Foreign bodies

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13
Q

Functions of larynx (3)

A

Cartilages maintain URT patency
Prevents entry of foreign bodies into LRT
Produces sound

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14
Q

Rima glottidis (2)

A

Narrowest part of larynx

Foreign bodies tend to block URT at the rima glottidis

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15
Q

Vocal ligaments functions (3)

A

Airway protection by stimulating cough reflex when foreign body in inhaled
Phonation - producing sound
Articulation - producing speech

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16
Q

Heimlich manoeuvre aims to (4)

A

Raise abdominal pressure
Forces diaphragm superiorly
Raise chest and lung pressure
Forces air from lungs to trachea to rima glottis to expel foreign body

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17
Q

Main dangers of no warm,moist,clean air (2)

A

Cooling and drying of tract damages mucocilliary escalator

Breathing pathogens causes infections

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18
Q

Chest wall components (7)

A 
Skin
Superficial fascia – fat
Deep fascia – thin tough layer overlying muscle
Bone
Skeletal muscles
Diaphragm
Parietal pleura
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19
Q

Parietal cavity (3)

A

Located between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura
Space surrounding lung in 3D apart from lung root entry
Vital in breathing mechanism

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20
Q

Isthmus of thyroid gland anatomical relationship

A

Anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

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21
Q

Thorax (2)

A

Between neck and abdomen

Made of chest wall and chest cavity

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22
Q

Chest wall functions (2)

A

Protects heart and lungs

Makes movements of breathing

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23
Q

Chest cavity properties (2)

A 
Within chest wall
Contains viscera (vital organs), major vessels and nerves, mediastinum, right and left pleural cavities
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24
Q

Lung Development in embryo

A

As lung bud pushes out from the mediastinum it displaces the visceral pleura until it touches the parietal pleura forming the pleura cavity

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25
Skeletal muscles of breathing located between ribs and intercostal spaces (3)
External, Internal and Innermost intercostal muscles Layers of intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs Makes chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards
26
Intercostal Spaces (2)
11 pairs between the ribs | Each one carriers a neuro-vascular bundle between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
27
Nerve supply
Anterior Ramus of Spinal nerve
28
Posterior blood supply
Arterial - Thoracic aorta | Venous - Azygous vein
29
Anterior blood supply
Arterial - Internal thoracic artery | Venous - Internal thoracic vein
30
Diaphragm (4)
Right dome is more superior than left dome Skeletal muscle with central tendon with openings allowing structures to pass through from thorax to abdomen Muscular part attaches peripherally to sternum, lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages and L1 - L3 vertebral bodies Muscular part is supplied by pherenic nerve
31
Pherenic nerve (5)
Combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C3-5 Found in neck on anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle Found in thorax descending over lateral pericardial sack Supplies sensory, motor and sympathetic axons to diaphragm Supplies sensory and sympathetic axons to pericardium
32
Muscles of Anterolateral Chest Wall and their features (4)
Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior Cephalic vein lies in delto-pectoral groove Long thoracic nerve lies superficially on serratus anterior Injury to long thoracic nerve causes serratus anterior paralysis causing a winged scapula
33
What is the name of the subclavian artery as it passes rib 1
Axillary artery
34
Lungs are only connected to the mediasternum
At the lung root
35
Costodiaphragmatic recess (4)
Most dependent (inferior) part of the pleural cavity Located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura Most inferior region laterally is the costophrenic angle Abnormal fluid in pleural cavity drain into the recess causing blunting of the angles
36
Root lung structures (7)
``` Main bronchus 1 pulmonary artery 2 pulmonary veins Lymphatics Visceral afferents Sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic nerves ```
37
Auscultation of lung apex position
Superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle
38
Auscultation of middle lobe
Between ribs 4 to 6 in the mid-clavicular & midaxillary lines
39
Auscultation of lung base
Posteriorly at scapular line at T11 vertebral level (Most inferior part of inferior lobe)
40
Scapular line
Passes vertically through the inferior angle of the scapula
41
Location of sensory receptors that stimulate coughing and Cranial nerves responsible in URT (4)
Oropharyngeal mucosa Laryngopharyngeal mucosa Laryngeal mucosa CN IX or CN X
42
Carotid sheaths (4)
Protective 'tubes' of deep cervical fascia Attach superiorly to bones of skull base Blends inferiorly with mediastinum fascia Contains vagus nerve, internal and common carotid arteries, internal jugular vein
43
Pulmonary plexus composition (3)
Sympathetic axons Parasympathetic axons Visceral afferents
44
Location of sensory receptors that stimulate coughing and Cranial nerves responsible in LRT (2)
Motor axons travel from tracheal bifurcation along branches of the respiratory tree to supply all mucous glands bronchiolar smooth muscles The pulmonary visceral afferents travel from visceral pleura & respiratory tree to the plexus then follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem
45
Nerve mechanisms in a deep inspiration
Greater outflow of action potentials of longer duration via phrenic nerve Causes the the diaphragm to flatten then descend maximally
46
Accessory muscles of forced inspiration (4)
``` Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Sternocleidomastoid Scalenus anterior, medius & posterior ```
47
Pectoralis major (3)
Attaches between sternum/ribs & humerus Adducts and medially rotates humerus If upper limb position is fixed the muscle can pull the ribs upwards/outwards
48
Pectoralis minor
Can pull ribs 3-5 superiorly towards the coracoid process of the scapula
49
Sternocleidomastoid
attaches between Sternum/clavicle & mastoid process of temporal bone
50
Scalenus anterior, medius | & posterior
Attaches between cervical vertebrae | & ribs 1 & 2
51
Intrinsic muscles of larynx (5)
All skeletal muscles Attaches between cartilages Moving cartilages causes vocal cords to move All supplied by motor branches of the vagus nerve The muscles adduct the vocal cords during a cough reflex
52
Right & Left Vagus nerve (3)
Connect with CNS at medulla In the chest they descend posterior to lung root Supplies parasympathetic axons to chest organs
53
Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (5)
``` External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversus abdominus Rectus abdominis Rectus sheath ```
54
External Oblique (4)
Attaches superiorly to lower ribs and inferiorly of iliac crest and pubic tubercle Fibre direction is the same as the external intercostal muscle Has linea semilunaris where muscle fibres end and aponeurosis (flattened tendon begins) The midline of the aponeurosis from the left and right is the linea alba
55
Internal Oblique (3)
Has aponeurosis and linea alba Attaches superiorly to lower ribs and inferiorly to the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia Fibre direction the same as internal intercostal muscle
56
Transversus abdominus (2)
Has aponeurosis and linea alba | Deep superior attachment to lower ribs and inferior attachment to iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
57
Rectus abdominis (2)
Tendinous intersections divide each of 2 long flat muscles into 3 or 4 smaller quadrate muscles For improved mechanical efficiency
58
Functions of Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (4)
Tonic contractions maintains posture and supports vertebral column Produces movements of vertebral column Protects abdominal viscera Increases intra-abdominal pressure for defecation, micturition, labour
59
Pulmonary Consequences of chronic cough (3)
Dynamic airway compression occurs Causes expiration difficulty Build up of air trapped in alveoli could lead to rupture of lung and visceral pleura
60
Pneumothorax (2)
When air enters pleural cavity via penetrating injury to parietal pleura or visceral pleura rupture The vacuum is lost where the elastic lung tissue recoils towards the lung root
61
Small pneumothorax size
<2 cm gap between lung and parietal pleura
62
Large pneumothorax size
>2 cm gap between lung and parietal pleura
63
Pneumothorax diagnosis (2)
Reduced ipsilateral chest expansion and breath sounds | Hyper resonance on percussion
64
Can a pneumothorax be bilateral
YES
65
Tension pneumothorax (2)
Torn pleura creates one way valve where air enters but it cant escape So air collects and applies pressure to mediastinal structures and cause a shift
66
Mediastinal shift consequences (2)
Tracheal deviation causing SVC compression | Leads to hypotension
67
Management of large pneumothorax (2)
``` Needle aspiration (thoracentesis) Chest drain in 5th intercostal space in midaxillary line ```
68
The 'safe triangle' for thoracentesis
Anterior border of latissimus dorsi Posterior border of pectoralis major Axial line superior to the nipple
69
Emergency management of a tension pneumothorax
Gauge cannula in 2nd intercostal space in midclavicular line

Respiratory (8 decks)

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