Anatomy

Question 0

what are the parts of the Substantia Nigra and which is responsible for Parkinsons?

Answer 0

pars reticulata

**pars compacta

Question 1

Comprised of LMNs of CN III (motor) & Edinger-Westphal nucleus (preganglionic parasympathetic: ciliary muscle & constrictor pupillae)

Answer 1

Oculomotor Complex

(Rostral Midbrain

Question 2

• receives input from motor areas of cortex and cerebellum

- excites upper limb flexors

Answer 2

Red Nucleus

rostral midbrain

Question 3

-receives input from optic tract and visual cortex

Answer 3

Superior Collicullus

rostral midbrain

Question 4

major relay for hearing

fibers project to medial geniculate body of thalamus

Answer 4

Inferior colliculus

caudal midbrain

Question 5

• Pigmented cells that contain NE
• project throughout the CNS
• attention, sleep

Answer 5

Locus coeruleus

Question 6

• principal sensory nucleus: 2 pt tactile, vibration sense from face
• motor nucleus of V: muscles of mastication

Answer 6

Trigeminal Nucleus

Question 7

muscles of facial expression, stapedius, post. digastric, stylohyoid
(2nd arch)

Answer 7

Facial motor nucleus

Question 8

receives pain, light touch and temperature signals from face

Answer 8

Spinal V Nucleus

Question 9

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 9

Ascending:

• pain, temp, touch for contralateral body
• pons: ventrolateral
• midbrain: merges with medial lemniscus

Question 10

Medial Lemniscus

Answer 10

Ascending:

• 2 pt touch, vibration, conscious proprioception for contralateral body
• continuation from posterior column nuclei

Question 11

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

Answer 11

Ascending and Descending

• coordination between cranial nerve nuclei for extraocular muscles
• midline just dorsal to medial lemniscus

Question 12

Lateral Lemniscus

Answer 12

Ascending:

• auditory system fibers
• terminates in inferior colliculi

Question 13

Central Tegmental Tract

Answer 13

Ascending:

- Reticular formation

Question 14

Corticospinal fibers

Answer 14

Descending:

• from frontal and parietal lobes
• through crura cerebri –> pons –> medulla (pyramids)

Question 15

Corticobulbar Fibers

Answer 15

Descending:

• motor cortex for face and head muscles
• synapses on cranial motor neurons, reticular formation

Question 16

Corticopontine fibers

Answer 16

Descending:

- all 4 lobes to ipsilateral pontine nuclei

Question 17

Descending Autonomic Fibers

Answer 17

Descending:

• arise from hypothalamus
• descend in lateral brainstem
• connect with preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons

Question 18

Course of the Pupillary Light Reflex

Answer 18

1: ganglion cells (retina) –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> tract –> ipsilateral & contralateral pretectal olivary nucleus
2: pretectal olivariy nucleus –> Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
- –
3: Edinger-Westphal –> preganlionic parasympathetics (CN III) –> ciliary ganglion
4: Ciliary ganglion –> sphincter papillae muscles (contraction)

Question 19

Pathway of the Corneal Reflex

Answer 19

Sensory:

1: long ciliary –> nasociliary –> CN V1 –> V ganglion (ipsilateral)
2: V ganglion –> CN V –> spinal V tract –> spinal V nucleus –> Facial Motor Nucleus (bilateral)
- – Motor: —
3: facial motor nucleus –> CN VII –> zygomatic nerves of CN VII –> orbicularis oculi, palpebral part

Question 20

Jaw Jerk Reflex Pathway

Answer 20

• – Sensory —
  1: muscle spindles in masseter m.–> V3
• – Motor —
  2: trigeminal motor nucleus –> subtle jaw closure

Question 21

Caused by damage to red nucleus

Answer 21

intention tremor and ataxia in contralateral limbs

Question 22

Caused by damage to superior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 22

intention tremor and ataxia in contralateral limbs

Question 23

Caused by damage to medial lemniscus

Answer 23

loss of 2 pt touch

Question 24

Caused by damage to spinothalamic tract

Answer 24

loss of pain and thermal sense

Question 25

Caused by damage to oculomotor nerve

Answer 25

ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy

Question 26

Tegmental (Benedikt) Syndrome

Answer 26

Lateral tegmental vascular infarct: - red nucleus - sup. cerebellar peduncle - medial lemniscus - spinothalamic tract - oculomotor nerve, through the red nucleus

Question 27

Superior Alternating hemiplegia/ Weber's Syndrome

Answer 27

Damage to Ventral Mesencephalon - corticospinal tract - corticobulbar tract - oculomotor nerve root fibers

Question 28

Caused by damage to corticospinal tract

Answer 28

Contralateral hemiplegia

Question 29

Caused by corticobulbar tract damage

Answer 29

Contralateral hemiparesis of lower face

Question 30

Middle alternating hemiplegia

Answer 30

Damage to Ventral lower pons - corticospinal tract - corticobulbar tract - abducens nerve

Question 31

Millard-Gubler Syndrome

Answer 31

``` Damage to Ventral and Lateral Pons -Corticospinal tract corticobulbar tract -abducens nerve -facial nerve ```

Question 32

Inferior alternating hemiplegia

Answer 32

Damage to Ventral Medulla - corticospinal tract - hypoglossal nerve

Question 33

Caused by damage to Abducens nerve

Answer 33

LMN impairment: ipsilateral lateral rectus m. paralysis | Internal strabismus

Question 34

Caused by damage to Facial Nerve

Answer 34

LMN impairment to entire ipsilateral face