Anatomy Flashcards
(254 cards)
What are the three types of joint?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
List some examples of fibrous joints
Periodontal ligaments
Cranial sutures
Interosseus membranes
What type of cartilage is contained in primary cartilaginous joints?
Hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage is contained in secondary cartilaginous joints?
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?
Synchondrosis in growing long bones
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Symphysis - intervertebral discs in spnes
List some common features of synovial joints?
Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
(May also contain articular discs, ligaments, bursae)
List some types of synovial joints?
Plane Condylar (ellipsoid) Hinge Saddle Pivot Ball and Socket
What are the features of a joint that help to give stability?
Shape of articulating surfaces
Capsule and ligaments
Muscles
What is contained in the superficial layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage?
Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (eg lubricin)
What is contained in the transitional layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage?
Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Long unbranched polysaccharides, which are highly polar and thus attract water
Given that cartilage is avascular, aneural and alymphatic, how are nutrients and waste transported to and from?
Through synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
What type of cells produce synovium?
Type B Synoviocytes (and type A)
What is the function of type A synoviocytes?
Remove debris, and contribute to synovial fluid production
List some properties of synovial fluid?
- Viscous fluid
- Hyaluronic acid and lubricin
- Fluid component
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Nutrition of cartilage
Removal of waste products
Lubrication (limit wear and tear)
What happens to synovial joints with ageing?
- Viscosity of synovial fluid increases (slower movements, reduced lubrication)
- Water content of cartilage decreases
- Increased risk of damage
What are the spinal nerves that supply the musculoskeletal nerve?
C5 - C7
What are the spinal nerves that supply the median nerve?
C6-C8, T1
What are the spinal nerves that supply the radial nerve?
C5-C8, T1
What are the spinal nerves that supply the ulnar nerve?
C7-C8, T1
What are the spinal nerves that supply the axillary nerve?
C5 and C6
What are the tributaries of the axillary vein?
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein