Anatomy Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of joint?
A
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
2
Q
List some examples of fibrous joints
A
Periodontal ligaments
Cranial sutures
Interosseus membranes
3
Q
What type of cartilage is contained in primary cartilaginous joints?
A
Hyaline cartilage
4
Q
What type of cartilage is contained in secondary cartilaginous joints?
A
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
5
Q
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?
A
Synchondrosis in growing long bones
6
Q
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?
A
Symphysis - intervertebral discs in spnes
7
Q
List some common features of synovial joints?
A
Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
(May also contain articular discs, ligaments, bursae)
8
Q
List some types of synovial joints?
A
Plane Condylar (ellipsoid) Hinge Saddle Pivot Ball and Socket
9
Q
What are the features of a joint that help to give stability?
A
Shape of articulating surfaces
Capsule and ligaments
Muscles
10
Q
What is contained in the superficial layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage?
A
Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (eg lubricin)
11
Q
What is contained in the transitional layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage?
A
Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan
12
Q
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
A
Long unbranched polysaccharides, which are highly polar and thus attract water
13
Q
Given that cartilage is avascular, aneural and alymphatic, how are nutrients and waste transported to and from?
A
Through synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
14
Q
What type of cells produce synovium?
A
Type B Synoviocytes (and type A)
15
Q
What is the function of type A synoviocytes?
A
Remove debris, and contribute to synovial fluid production
16
Q
List some properties of synovial fluid?
A
- Viscous fluid
- Hyaluronic acid and lubricin
- Fluid component
17
Q
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
A
Nutrition of cartilage
Removal of waste products
Lubrication (limit wear and tear)
18
Q
What happens to synovial joints with ageing?
A
- Viscosity of synovial fluid increases (slower movements, reduced lubrication)
- Water content of cartilage decreases
- Increased risk of damage
19
Q
What are the spinal nerves that supply the musculoskeletal nerve?
A
C5 - C7
20
Q
What are the spinal nerves that supply the median nerve?
A
C6-C8, T1
21
Q
What are the spinal nerves that supply the radial nerve?
A
C5-C8, T1
22
Q
What are the spinal nerves that supply the ulnar nerve?
A
C7-C8, T1
23
Q
What are the spinal nerves that supply the axillary nerve?
A
C5 and C6
24
Q
What are the tributaries of the axillary vein?
A
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
25
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane joint
26
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial saddle joint
27
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Synovial ball and socket joint
28
What are the movements of the scapula?
```
Elevation
Depression
Adduction (retraction)
Abduction (protraction)
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
```
29
List some rotator cuff muscles?
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
30
To abduct the arm 180 degrees, how much is the scapula rotated and how much is the humerus rotated at the shoulder joint?
60 degrees occurs by rotation of the scapula
120 degrees by rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint
31
What movements are conducted by the biceps brachii?
Flex shoulder and elbow
| Supinates the forearm
32
What movements are conducted by the brachialis?
Flexes elbow
33
What movements are conducted by the coracobrachialis?
Flex and adduct shoulder joint
34
What nerve controls movements of the anterior arm muscles?
Musculocutaenous (C5-C7)
35
What movements are conducted by the triceps?
Extension of elbow joint
36
Where on the forearm are the flexors of the wrist?
Anterior of arm
37
Where on the forearm are the extensors of the wrist?
Posterior of arm
38
What movement do palmar interossei have on the fingers of the hand?
Adduction
| PalmarAD DorsalAB!
39
What movement do dorsal interossei have on the fingers of the hand?
Abduction
| PalmarAD DorsalAB!
40
How many carpalmetacarpal joints (CMCJ) are there in the hand?
5
41
How many metacarpalphalangeal joints (MCPJ) are there in the hand?
5
42
How many Proximal Interphalangeal joints (PIPJ) are there in the hand?
4 (The thumb has no middle phalanx - so proximal and distal only in fingers)
43
How many Distal Interphalangeal joints (DIPJ) are there in the hand?
4 (The thumb has no middle phalanx - so proximal and distal only in fingers)
44
List the carpal bones of the hand
```
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
```
(She looks too pretty; try to catch her)
45
What is important to consider about scaphoid blood supply?
```
Retrograde supply (From distal to proximal)
Fractures are more difficult to heal - risk of Avascular Necrosis (AVN)
```
46
What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?
Medial - Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon
Lateral - Extensor Policis Brevis Tendon and Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendon
47
What can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?
Radial artery
Radial styloid process
Scaphoid
Trapezium
48
List the superficial flexors of the forearm
```
Medially:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Pronator Teres
```
49
What is the clinical relevance of Flexor Carpi Radialis?
Clinical landmark for approach to radius
50
What is the clinical relevance of Palmaris Longus?
Used in autograft tendon transfers
| Can be tested for in patients by opposing thumb and little finger with wrist slightly flexed
51
What is the only tendon to act on distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJs)?
Flexor Difitorum Profundus (FDP)
| To test - isolate DIPJ in that finger
52
Which two tendons act on proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJs)?
Flexor Difitorum Superficialis (FDS)
and
Flexor Difitorum Profundus (FDP)
53
How to you clinically isolate Flexor Digitorum Superficialis? (FDS)
Holing other fingers out straight - FDS has individual muscle bellies in each finger, whereas FDP has a common muscle belly that can be stopped by straightening other fingers
54
What are the extensors at the wrist?
Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Communis and Extensor Indicis
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
55
What artery doe the superficial arch arise from in the hand?
Ulnar artery
56
What artery doe the deep arch arise from in the hand?
Radial artery
57
What test is conducted on the arteries at the wrist for intravascular access to radial artery?
Allens Test
| Occlude both arteries at wrist. Open and release fist until blanched, release ulnar artery
58
What are the two main branches of the sciatic nerve?
```
Tibial nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
```
59
What are the two main branches of the tibial nerve?
Medial plantar nerve
| Lateral plantar nerve
60
What is the definition of a dermatome?
Sensory are of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
61
What is the dermatome for the back of the heel?
S1
(STAND on S1
SLEEP on S2
SIT on S3
SH*T on S4)
62
What is Hilton's Law?
The nerves crossing a joint supply the muscles acting on it and the joint itself
63
In relation to nerves, why may hip disease give rise to knee pain?
The nerves supplying the joints (and muscles) are the same (femoral, sciatic and obdurator)
64
What nerves supply the hip joint?
Obdurator nerve (predominately)
Femoral nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
65
What is a myotome?
Group of muscles supplied by one segment of spinal cord
66
What are the names for the sequential divisions of the brachial plexus?
```
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
```
67
From which cord(s) does the radial nerve arise?
Posterior Cord
68
From which cord(s) does the median nerve arise?
Lateral Cord
| Medial Cord
69
From which cord(s) does the ulnar nerve arise?
Medial Cord
70
Where does the radial nerve enter the forearm?
Passes between brachioradialis and brachialis
71
What is the median nerve closely associated with in the arm?
Brachial artery
72
Where does the medial nerve enter the forearm?
Passes between two heads of pronator teres
73
What ligament makes up the carpal tunnel?
Transverse carpal ligament
74
Where does the ulnar nerve enter the forearm?
Passes between two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
75
What are the roots of the femoral nerve?
L2-L4
76
Which is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve
77
List the contents of the femoral triangle, from medial to lateral
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve
VAN
78
What does the femoral nerve supply?
Quadriceps muscles in thigh
79
What does the femoral nerve terminate in?
Saphenous nerve (supplies great toe)
80
What are the roots of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
L2,3
81
What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve supply?
Sensory to lateral aspect of thigh
82
What are the roots of the sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
83
What does the sciatic nerve supply?
Hamstring muscles in thigh (posterior)
Part of abductor magnus
All lower leg and foot muscles via terminal branches (tibial and common fibular)
84
What are the roots of the common fibular nerve?
L4-S2
85
What muscle group is the myotome of C5?
Shoulder abduction
| eg Deltoid
86
What muscle group is the myotome of C6?
Elbow flexion/Wrist flexors
| eg Biceps
87
What muscle group is the myotome of C7?
Elbow Extensors
| eg Triceps
88
What muscle group is the myotome of C8?
Finger Extensors
| eg FDS/FDP
89
What muscle group is the myotome of T1?
Intrinsic Hand muscles - finger abductors
| eg Interossei
90
What muscle group is the myotome of L2?
Hip flexors
| eg Iliopsoas
91
What muscle group is the myotome of L3?
Knee extensors
| eg Quadriceps
92
What muscle group is the myotome of L4?
Ankle dorsiflexors
| eg Tibialis Anterior
93
What muscle group is the myotome of L5?
Long toe Extensors
| eg EHL
94
What muscle group is the myotome of S1?
Ankle plantar flexors
| eg gatrocnemius
95
What muscles are supplied by the musculocutaenous nerve?
Biceps brachii
| Brachialis
96
What muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?
Deltoid
| Teres Minor
97
What muscles are supplied by the radial nerve?
Brachioradialis
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)
98
What nerves does the radial nerve divide into?
Posterior interossesous nerve (Motor)
| Superficial radial nerve (Sensory)
99
What muscles are supplied by the medial nerve?
```
Flexors of forearm
LOAF muscles (Lateral lumbricals (First, second), Opponens policis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor policis brevis)
```
100
What muscles are supplied by the ulnar nerve?
Medial half of Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP),
Flexor Capri Ulnaris (FCU),
All Intrinsic hand muscles (Bar LOAF)
101
What nerves arise from the common fibular nerve?
Deep fibular nerve (Supplies anterior leg)
| Superficial fibular nerve (Supplies lateral lag)
102
What nerve supplies the anterior leg muscles?
Deep fibular nerve
103
What nerve supplies the lateral leg muscles?
Superficial fibular nerve
104
List some shoulder muscles that attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
SIT
105
List a shoulder muscle that attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
Subscapularis
106
List some muscles that attach to the clavicle
```
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Subclavius
Sternoclaidomastoid
Sternohyoid
```
107
What is the function of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?
Doubles the glenoid depth and increases the surface area
108
What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
Blend with the capsule to protect and give stability
Hold the head of the humerus against glenoid cavity during shoulder movements
All except supraspinatus are rotators of the shoulder joint
109
What is the ratio of contribution of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic 'joints' in shoulder movement
2:1
110
What muscles contribute to flexion at the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis Major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps
Deltoid (Ant. Part)
111
What muscles contribute to extension at the shoulder joint?
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid (Post. Part)
112
What muscles contribute to abduction at the shoulder joint?
Deltoid (Middle part)
| Supraspinatus
113
What muscles contribute to adduction at the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis major
| Latissimus dorsi
114
What muscles contribute to medial rotation at the shoulder joint?
Teres major
| Subscapularis
115
What muscles contribute to lateral rotation at the shoulder joint?
Teres minor
| Infraspinatus
116
What muscles are responsible for scapular movements?
```
Trapezius
Levator scaoulae
Rhomboids
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor
```
117
What ligament links the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna?
Ulnar collateral ligament
118
What ligament links the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius?
Radial collateral ligament
119
Which muscles are the flexors of the elbow?
Brachialis, Biceps brachi, Brachioradialis
120
Which muscles are the extensors of the elbow?
Triceps, anconeus and gravity
121
What type of joint are the superior and inferior radioulnar joints?
Synovial pivot joints
122
What type of joint is the middle radioulnar joint?
Syndesmosis (Fibrous joint)
123
What muscles are involved in pronation?
Pronator quadratus, pronator teres
| Gravity
124
What muscles are involved in supination?
Biceps brachii
| Supinator (in unresisted movements)
125
A branch of which artery is enclosed by the ligament of head of femur?
Obdurator artery
126
Name an intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?
Ligament of head of femur
127
List the extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
128
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament of the hip joint?
Prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
129
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament of the hip joint?
Prevents extensive abduction and extension
130
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament of the hip joint?
Prevents excessive extension
131
What provides the majority of the arterial supply to the hip joint?
Medial circumflex artery (branch of deep femoral artery/profunda femoris)
132
What is the nerve supply to the hip joint?
Femoral nerve,
Obdurator nerve,
Nerve to quadratus femoris
133
List the ligaments of the gluteal region
Sacroiliac (posterior)
Sacrotuberous
Sacrospinous
134
What are the actions of Gluteus Maximus?
Extension of the thigh at the hip
Abduction of the thigh at the hip
(External rotation of thigh at hip, stabilise knee in extension of the thigh)
135
What is the innervation of Gluteus Maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, s1-2)
136
What is the arterial supply of Gluteus Maximus
Inferior gluteal supply
137
What are the actions of Gluteus Medius and minimus?
Abduction of the hip
| Internal rotation of thigh
138
What is the innervation of Gluteus Medius/Minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5, S1)
139
What is the arterial supply of Gluteus Medius/Minimus?
Superior gluteal artery
140
What are the actions of Tensor fasciae latae?
Assist with flexion and abduction of the thigh
141
What is the innervation of Tensor Fasciae Latae?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, 5, S1)
142
What is the arterial supply of Tensor Fasciae Latae?
Superior gluteal artery
143
What nerve does piriformis overlay?
Sciatic nerve
144
What is a positive trendelenburg sign indicative of?
Compromised gluteus medius action/ superior gluteal nerve lesion
145
Which side does the 'dipping' occur on in a positive trendelenburg sign?
Dipping on the contralateral side.
146
List the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh - 'hamstring' muscles
Semimembranous
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Extend thigh, flex leg
147
What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus?
T12, L1-4
148
What nerve roots make up the femoral nerve?
L2-4
149
What nerve roots make up the obdurator nerve?
L2-4
150
List the muscles of the adductor compartment of the thigh?
```
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
```
151
What it the innervation of the adductor compartment of the thigh?
Obdurator nerve
| Aside from pectineus - femoral nerve innervation
152
List the 4 heads of quadratus femoris?
Rectus femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
153
List the contents of the femoral triangle?
From lateral to medial -
```
Femoral Nerve and branches
Femoral Artery and branches
Femoral vein and proximal tributaries
Femoral canal
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
```
154
What comprises the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
Sartorius
155
What comprises the medial border of the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus
156
What comprises the base of the femoral triangle?
The inguinal ligament
157
What comprises the anterior boundary of the adductor canal?
Sartorius
158
What comprises the lateral boundary of the adductor canal?
Vastus medialis
159
What comprises the posterior boundary of the adductor canal?
Adductor longus, adductor magnus
160
Where is the pulse point located for the femoral artery?
Midway between the pubis symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - midinguinal point
161
What makes up the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?
The lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius
162
What makes up the superior boundary of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranosus and Biceps femoris
163
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- Termination of small saphenious vein
- Popliteal artery and vein
- Tibial and common fibular nerves
- Posterior cutaenous nerve of thigh
- Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
- Fat
164
What makes up the superficial group of muscles in the posterior leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
165
What makes up the deep group of muscles in the posterior leg?
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
166
What nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the leg?
Tibial nerve
167
What nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
168
List the muscles of the anterior leg compartment?
Tibilais Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
169
What nerve innervates the lateral muscles of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
170
List the muscles of lateral leg compartment?
Fibularis longus
| Fibularis brevis
171
List the posterior leg structures that pass behind medial malleolus?
(Ant->Post)
```
Tibialis Posterior (Tom)
Flexor Digitorum Longus (Dick)
Posterior Tibial a. (A)
Tibial n. (N)
Flexor Hallucis Longus (Harry)
```
Tom Dick AN Harry
172
What ligaments make up the medial ligament of the ankle?
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibionavicular
TIbiocalcaneal
173
What ligaments make up the lateral ligament of the ankle?
Posterior talofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
174
What ligament of the foot is known as the 'spring' ligament?
Plantarcalcaneonavicular ligament
175
What type of joint is the Sup. Tibular-fibular joint?
Synovial planar
176
What type of joint is the Inferior Tibular- fibular joint?
Syndesmosis
177
Which nerve innervates the Medial three toes?
Medial plantar nerve
178
Which nerve innervates the lateral two toes?
Lateral plantar nerve
179
What are some static hip stabilisers?
```
Bony morphology (congruence, anteversion of ball and socket)
Labrum
Negative intra-articular pressure
```
180
What are some dynamic hip stabilisers?
Musculature
181
What is the innervation of the hip flexors?
Femoral nerve
| Apart from iliopsoas - L1 Ventral ramus/Femoral
182
List the hip flexor muscles
Iliopsoas
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Pectineus
183
What is the innervation of the hip extensors?
Sciatic nerve
| Apart from Glut. Max - Inferior Glut. Nerve
184
List the hip extensors
```
Glut. Max
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
(Adductor magnus)
```
185
List the hip abductors
Glut. Med
Glut. Min.
Tensor Fascia Latae
186
What is the innervation of the hip abductors?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
187
What is the innervation of the hip adductors?
Obdurator nerve
| Apart from Adductor Magnus - Obdurator + Sciatic
188
List the hip adductors
```
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obdurator externus
```
189
What is the innervation of the hip internal rotators?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
190
List the hip internal rotators
Ant Fibres of Glut. Med
| Tensor Fascia Latae
191
List the hip external rotators
```
Glut. Max
Piriformis
Sup. Gemellus
Inf. Gemellus
Obdurator Internus
Obdurator Externus
Quadratus Femoris
```
192
What is the blood supply to the femoral head?
Capsule supply via Medial and Lateral Femoral circumflex
Intramedullary
Ligamentum Teres via acetabular branch of Obdurator Artery
193
What are some static knee constraints?
```
Collateral ligaments
ACL/PCL
Capsule
ITB
Meniscii
```
194
What are some dynamic knee constraints?
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Medial and lateral gastroc.
Popliteus
195
What is the innervation of the knee extensors?
Femoral Nerve
196
List the knee extensors
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedialis
(Quadriceps Femoris)
197
What is the innervation of the knee flexors?
Sciatic nerve
Apart from gastrocnemius - S1
198
List the knee flexors
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
199
What is the knee meniscii
Crescents of fibrocartilage
| Medial - Attached to tibia/Lateral - Unattached at popliteal hiatus
200
What is the role of meniscii in the knee?
```
Load transmission
Stability
Lubrication
Proprioception
Shock absorption
```
201
What helps to deepen the hip joint?
Acetabular labrum (fibroelastic cartilage)
Transverse acetabular ligament
202
What is the strongest ligament in body (related to hip)?
Iliofemoral Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow
203
What action is performed by muscles innervated by the femoral nerve?
Knee extension (Anterior muscles)
204
What action is performed by muscles innervated by the obdurator nerve?
Hip Adduction (Medial muscles)
205
What action is performed by muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve?
```
Hip external rotation,
Knee flexion (Posterior muscles)
```
206
What action is performed by muscles innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?
```
Hip abduction
Hip extension (Posterior muscles)
```
207
What direction does the leg move in hip dislocation?
Internally rotated
208
What are the compartments of the knee?
Medial tibiofemoral
Lateral tibiofemoral
Patellofemoral
(Proximal tibiofibular joint)
209
Where does the cartilage of the knee receive its nutrition?
Avascular - nutrition through synovial fluid
210
What are the 5 capsular ligaments that strengthen the joint capsule of the knee?
```
Patellar ligament
Fibular/Lateral collateral ligament
Tibial/Medical collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
```
211
What are the four bursae that communicate with the knee joint?
Supratellar bursa
Popliteal bursa
Anserine bursa
Gastrocnemius bursa
212
What muscle tendon passes deep to the Lateral Collateral ligament?
Popliteus
213
What movement is prevented by the ACL?
Hyperextension of knee
214
What movement is prevented by the PCL?
Hyperflexion of knee
215
What muscle helps to unlock the knee?
Popliteus
216
What causes locking of the knee?
Medial rotation of the femur on the tibia
217
What is the most frequently injured major joint in the body?
Ankle
218
What bone are involves in the ankle joint?
Distal tibia, fibula
| Upper Talus
219
When is malleolar grip of the ankle joint strongest?
During dorsiflexion
220
When is the ankle joint unstable
Plantarflexion
221
What ligaments help to support the ankle joint?
Medial (deltoid) and lateral ankle ligaments
222
What bones are connected via the medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle?
Medial malleolus (of tibia), Talus, Calcaneus and Navicular
223
Which is the weaker ligament - medial or lateral ankle ligament?
Lateral ankle ligament
224
What muscles contribute to dorsiflexion of the ankle?
Tibilais anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus
225
What muscles contribute to plantarflexion of the ankle?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Assisted by plantaris, fibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
226
What type of movement injury commonly results in ankle sprains?
Inversion injury
227
What is a Pott fracture?
Dislocation of ankle
228
What causes Footballer's ankle?
Repeated strain on the anterior capsule
229
What causes Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?
Tibial nerve compression - Deep to flexor retinacula
230
List the tarsal bones of the foot
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Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Three cuneiforms
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231
At which joints do the movements of inversion and eversion take place?
Transverse tarsal joint
| Subtalar joint
232
What muscles are responsible for inversion?
Tibialis anterior
| Tibialis posterior
233
What muscles contribute to eversion?
Fibularis longus
| Fibularis brevis
234
What are the functions of the arches of the foot?
Act as shock absorbers
Distribute weight over the foot
Act as springboards during walking, running and jumping
235
What structures preserve the integrity of foot arches?
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Shapes of the united bones
Plantar aponeurosis
Long & short plantar ligaments
Spring ligament
Intrinsic muscles of foot
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236
In what groups of people are flat feet common?
Children <3 (due to subcutaneous fat)
| Old people
237
How can flat feet be acquired?
Dysfucntion of tibilais posterior
238
Which muscles in the foot are bipennate?
Dorsal interossei
239
Which muscles in the foot are unipennate?
Plantar interossei
240
What are some accessory bones of the foot?
Os trigonum
Accessory navicular
Os peroneum
241
What is the achilles tendon?
Thickest, strongest and longest tendon in body
Formed by gastrocnemius and soleus tendons
242
What ligament helps to prevent pectoral girdle/arm being driven medially during lateral impact?
Coracoclavicular ligament
243
What is the lower limb equivalent to the axilla?
Femoral triangle
244
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone
245
What is the function of the superficial MCL?
Primary restraint to valgus stress
246
What is the function of bursae?
Reduce friction between tissues
247
What are the three main types of vertebrae?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
248
What vertebral processes allow for muscle attachments?
Spinous and transverse processes
249
Which sections of the spine are lordotic?
Cervical
| Lumbar
250
Which section of the spine is kyphotic?
Thoracic
251
What muscles make up the erector spinae?
Iliocostalis
Longismus
Spinalis
252
At what level does the spinal cord end in adults?
L1
253
What is the tough outer layer of the intervertebral disc called?
Annulus fibrosis
254
What is the gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc called?
Nucleus pulposus
