Anatomy

Question 1

Which nerve sits anterior to the hilum of the lung?

Answer 1

Phrenic

phrenic in front

Question 2

Which nerve sits posterior to the hilum of the lung?

Answer 2

Vagus nerve

Question 3

Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the pericardium?

Answer 3

To the lateral borders

Question 4

Which two main layers is the pericardium split?

Answer 4

1. Fibrous

2. Serous

Question 5

The serous pericardium is subdivided into which two parts?

Answer 5

1. Visceral- attaches directly to the heart

2. Parietal

Question 6

The visceral serous pericardium is known by which other name?

Answer 6

Epicardium

Question 7

Increased pericardial fluid can cause which condition?

Answer 7

Cardiac tamponade

Question 8

What is it called if blood is in the pericardial space?

Answer 8

Haemopericardium

Question 9

What is pericardiocentesis?

Answer 9

The process to remove fluid from the pericardial cavity

The needle is inserted at the infrasternal angle and directed posteriorly

Question 10

What is the space called posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 10

Transverse pericardial sinus

Question 11

What are the three heart surfaces?

Answer 11

1. Anterior (sternalcostal)
2. Base (posterior)- left atrium
3. Inferior (diaphragmatic)

Question 12

What are the 4 heart borders?

Answer 12

1. Right
2. Left
3. Inferior- lies on the diaphragm
4. Superior- great vessels

Question 13

Where is the apex beat normally palpated?

Answer 13

5th intercostal space- mid-clavicular line

Question 14

The heart is present in the ____ mediastinum

Answer 14

Middle

Question 15

What are the heart auricles?

Answer 15

Extensions of the atria

Question 16

Where does the right coronary artery run?

Answer 16

The right atrial ventricular groove

Question 17

Where does the left coronary artery run?

Answer 17

Anterior inter ventricular groove- between the two ventricles

Question 18

The posterior interventricular artery is a branch of which coronary artery?

Answer 18

Right

Question 19

Which two coronary vessels lie in the posterior inter ventricular groove?

Answer 19

1. Posterior interventricular artery

2. Posterior interventricular vein

Question 20

Which coronary vessel collects deoxygenated blood and drains into the right atrium?

Answer 20

Coronary sinus

Question 21

The left coronary artery is often known by which other name?

Answer 21

Anterior interventricular artery

Question 22

What are the first branches to come of the aorta?

Answer 22

Coronary arteries

Question 23

These is an anastomosis between the left and right coronary arteries.
True or false ?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The right coronary artery splits into which two main arteries?

Answer 24

1. Right marginal artery

2. Posterior interventricular artery

Question 25

Name the main branch off of the circumflex artery

Answer 25

Left marginal artery

Question 26

Name the main branch off of the left anterior descending artery

Answer 26

Lateral (diagonal) branch

Question 27

What are the two parts to the septum?

Answer 27

1. Interatial septum- located at the interatrial groove | 2. Interventricular septum- located at the anterior interventricular groove

Question 28

Any septal defect may allow for what?

Answer 28

Mixing of blood | deoxygenated with oxygenated

Question 29

What is Eisenmenger's syndrome?

Answer 29

There is a left to right cardiac shunt due to higher left sided pressure This occurs long term and results in pulmonary hypertension leading to damage to lung capillaries leading them to be replaced with scar tissue Lung function decreases- scar tissue reduces lung compliance, additional blood volume Over time, right ventricle hypertrophy occurs until right pressure exceeds the left and right to left cardiac shunt occurs Systemic circulation is not adequately oxygenated, an O2 saturation decreases leading to cyanosis and organ damage

Question 30

What are the tricuspid and mitral valves composed of?

Answer 30

1. Valve leaflets 2. Tendinous chords 3. Papillary muscles

Question 31

What are semi- lunar valves ?

Answer 31

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 32

What are the semi-lunar valves composed of ?

Answer 32

3 pockets which can open up and occlude the artery preventing back flow (similar to a lucozade bottle top)

Question 33

What is the moderator band?

Answer 33

Septomarginal trabecular Muscular band of tissue in the right atrium that can carry part of the AV bundle to the papillary muscle if the anterior cusp

Question 34

What is the name of the border between the atrial and auricle walls?

Answer 34

Crista terminalis

Question 35

In the left atrium remain of what embryological structure may still be present?

Answer 35

Foramen ovale

Question 36

What are the three nerve systems of the heart?

Answer 36

1. Autonomic innervation- sympathetic/ parasympathetic 2. Visceral afferents- sensory 3. Conducting system of the heart

Question 37

Presynaptic fibres to the heart exit the spinal cord via what?

Answer 37

Spinal nerves

Question 38

Spinal nerves can only exit the spinal cord in which region?

Answer 38

T1- L2/3 (thoracolumbar region)

Question 39

When the spinal nerve exit the spinal cord, what 5 options is now presented with?

Answer 39

1. Synapse with the ganglion at the level it exits 2. Ascend superiorly to synapse with a superior ganglion 3. Descend inferiorly and synapse with an inferior ganglion 4. Become an abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve 5. Pass through the sympathetic chain and synapse at the adrenal medulla (without synapsing as an abdominopelvic nerve)