Anatomy Flashcards by E O

What are the names (in order) of the 5 main branches of the facial nerve that leave the stylomastoid foramen

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

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Name the 4 muscles of mastication

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral and medial pterygoid

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What nerves innervate the platysma, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid?

Platysma - facial nerve
Trapezius - accessory nerve
Sternocleidomastoid - accessory nerve

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Name 2 supra-hyoid muscles

Digastic - posterior belly

Digastric - anterior belly

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Name 2 infra-hyoid muscles

Omohyoid - superior belly

Omohyoid - inferior belly

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Name the borders of the carotid triangle

Posterior belly of Digastric muscle
Superior belly of Omohyoid muscle
Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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What are the contents of the carotid triangle and discuss their postitions

Carotid sheath
IJV (lateral)
CCA (medially)
Vagus nerve (posteriorly)

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Describe the superior branches of the the SVC

Left and right brachiocephalic veins
Left and right subclavian veins
Left and right internal and external jugular veins

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Describe the superior branches of the arch of the aorta

Right: brachiocephalic artery, right subclavian artery, right vertebral artery, right thyrocervical trunk, right common carotid artery

Middle: left common carotid artery

Left: left subclavian artery, left vertebral artery, left thyrocervical trunk

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What cartilage is the thyroid gland found underneath?

Thyroid cartilage or cricoid cartilage?

Cricoid

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What deep fascial layer of the neck are the strap muscles found?

Pretracheal fascia (middle layer)

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What layer separates the oesophagus/pharynx and the retropharyngeal space?

Buccopharyngeal membrane

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Name the 4 tonsils that make up the Waldeyer’s ring

Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Pharyngeal/Adenoids tonsils

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Where do the palatine and lingual tonsils drain into?

Jugulo-digastric lymph nodes

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What artery does the ophthalmic artery come from and name three of its branches (in order that they branch off)

ICA

Supra-orbital artery
Posterior and Anterior Ethmoidal artery
Supra-trochlear artery

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Describe the route of the internal carotid artery from the carotid sheath

Carotid sheath -> carotid canal -> petrous part of temporal bone -> cavernous sinus (next to the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone)

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Name the 6 branches and 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery

Some: Superior thyroid artery
Anatomists: Ascending pharyngeal artery
Like: Lingual artery
Freaking: Facial artery
Out: Occipital artery
Poor: Posterior auricular artery

Medical: Maxillary artery
Students: Superficial temporal artery

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Blood vessels that supply the scalp are found in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the scalp (deep CT).

Name the 2 arterial branches from the ICA

Name the 3 arterial branches from the ECA

ICA: (2 branches from Ophthalmic artery) Supra-orbital and Supra-trochlear arteries

ECA: Superficial temporal, Occipital and Posterior auricular arteries

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Name 2 arteries that branch off the Maxillary artery (which branches off the ECA)

Sphenopalatine arteries and Middle meningeal artery

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What is the point where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet called?

Bregma

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What is the point where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet called?

Lambda

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Describe the trilaminar arrangement of the calvaria

↑strength ↓weight

External compact/cortical bone
Spongy/cancellous bone
Internal compact/cortical bone

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What two bones form the temporomandibular joint?

Temporal bone and mandibular bone

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What separates the inferior and superior cavities (that are filled with synovial fluid) of the temporomandibular joint?

Fibrocartilaginous disc

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What is the falx cerebri made up of?

Double fold of meningeal dura

What layers surround the superior sagittal sinus?

Periosteal and meningeal dura

In what Space and between what layers is the middle meningeal artery found?

Extradural space Inner table of periosteum and periosteal dura

What space are bridging veins found and what do they connect?

Found in the subdural space and connect cerebral veins (in the subarachnoid space) to the superior sagittal sinus

What do emissary veins connect?

Connect extracranial veins (in the deep connective tissue of the scalp) to the superior sagittal sinus

What meninges form the leptomeninges?

Pia mater and arachnoid mater

List all the ‘cephalons’ in the brain from top to bottom

``` Telencephalon Diencephalon (Thalamus and Hypothalamus) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) Myelencephalon (medulla) ```

Describe the structures that run through the cavernous sinus

``` O TOM CA Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic nerve. Abducens nerve. ICA Maxillary nerve ```

How does CN VII enter the petrous bone?

Via the internal acoustic meatus

Where are majority of vessels that supply the scalp found?

Deep connective tissue

What forms on either side of the nasal pits?

Medial and lateral nasal prominences

What pushes the nasal prominences towards the midline and what fuses with the medial nasal prominence?

Maxillary prominence

What does the external acoustic meatus develop from?

1st pharyngeal cleft

What does the middle ear and ossicles develop from?

1st pharyngeal pouch, Meckel’s cartilage and Reichert’s cartilage

What does the auricles develop from?

Proliferation of the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches

What is the name for a collection of nerve cell bodies A) in the CNS B) outside the CNS?

A) Nucleus | B) Ganglion

What is the true (fixed) vocal cord called, what is it made from and what is its function?

Vocal ligament Upper free edge of criocthyroid ligament Adduct during ingestion of food

What is the false (mobile) vocal cord called, what is it made from and what is its function?

Vestibular ligament Free lower edge of quadrangular membrane Phonation and coughing

What cartilage is the glottis behind?

Thyroid cartilage

Discuss the placement of ossicles in the middle ear

Malleus -> Incus -> Stapes MIS

What connects the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx?

Eustachian/Pharyngotympanic tube

What innervates the internal ear?

Vestibulocochlear nerve

What innervates the middle ear? General sensation

Tympanic nerve (branch of CN IX)

What 3 nerves innervate the external ear?

``` Vagus nerve (CN X) Auriculotemporal nerve (CN Vc) Nervus intermedius (CN VII) ```

What epithelia lines the middle ear?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

What are the borders of your nasal cavity? Roof: SNEF Medial: VE

Roof: cribiform plate of ethmoid bone, nasal, sphenoid and frontal bones 2 Lateral walls: conchae and meatuses Medial wall: nasal septum (vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid) Floor: roof of hard palate

What bone is the superior and middle concha made from?

Ethmoid bone

What is the name of the pharyngeal muscles (in order)

Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor

What arches are in front and behind the palatine tonsils?

In front: palatoglossal arch | Behind: palatopharyngeal arch

Name 4 extrinsic tongue muscles.

Sytloglossus Hypoglossus Genioglossus Palatoglossus

What nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle?

Vagus

What nerve innervates the styloglossus muscle?

Hypoglossal

Name the 2 parts of the inferior pharyngeal muscle and the structure that is in between them.

Thyropharyngeal muslce Killian’s dehiscence Cricopharyngeal muscle

What is in the centre of the macula densa?

Fovea

What acts as a barrier for superficial infections in the pre-septal area travelling into the post-septal area, in the orbit? be specific

Tarsal plates (superior and inferior tarsal muscles) and orbital septum (palpebral fascia)

Name the 3 sites of the superior and inferior ophthalmic vein drainage CAP

Cavernous sinus Pterygoid plexus Angluar vein -> facial vein

Describe the drainage of tears from its production site Include where tears leave the eye and nose

Lacrimal gland (tear production) -> excretory lacrimal ducts -> lacrimal punctum (tears leave eye) -> lacrimal canaliculus -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus (tears leave nose)

What covers the sclera (whites of the eyes) and what is its function?

Conjunctiva - produces mucus in tear film

Where are rods abundant?

Peripheral retina

Where are cones abundant?

Macula | Fovea (only cones)

At what vertebral level is the lower end of the cricoid cartilage found?

What is the anatomical point of the origin of descent of the thyroid gland to the anterior neck?

Foramen cecum

What is the drainage of the thyroid gland?

Superior and Middle thyroid vein -> IJV | Inferior thyroid vein -> LEFT brachiocephalic vein (both ITVs, descend from either side, coalesce and drain into LBCV)

What artery does the central retinal artery come off of?

Ophthalmic artery

How is the middle ear connected to the mastoid air cells?

Via the mastoid antrum

What makes up the cervical plexus?

The anterior primary rami of nerves C1-C4

Where are the anterior primary rami, that make up the cervical plexus, found?

Deep to SCM, on the surface of SCALENUS MEDUIS and LEVATOR SCAPULAE muscles

Where do the sensory (cutaneous) branches that supply the cervical plexus arrive from?

Posterior border of SCM

Where do the sensory (cutaneous) branches, of the cervical plexus, supply?

- skin of neck - ear - scalp - superior thorax (C2-C4 dermatomes)

What is the name of the loop formed by the motor branches of the cervical plexus and what do these motor branches supply? Specifically, what nerve roots of the cervical plexus form the loop?

Ansa cervicalis from C1-C3, supplies the infrahyoid muscles

Recurrent laryngeal nerves are next to which arteries?

Inferior thyroid arteries

What covers the anterior chamber, iris and pupil?

Cornea

The term uvea encompasses what 3 structures in the eye?

Choroid, ciliary process and iris

What 3 structures run through the parenchyma of the parotid gland. Discuss how to nerve anatomically relates to the other 2 structures.

The facial nerve runs in a plane superficial to the external carotid artery and retromandibular vein and acts as a demarcation for superficial and deep parotid lobes.

Name 2 muscles and 2 glands that the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia covers.

Submandibular and parotid glands Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid

Where is the opening of the Wharton’s duct found?

Next to the frenulum of the tongue

Anatomy Flashcards

(80 cards)