Anatomy Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
List the main arteries and veins of the upper limb?
A
Arteries - Brachial - Radial - Ulnar Veins - Superficial - Cephalic - Basilic - Medial cubital
2
Q
List the main arteries and veins of the lower limb?
A
Arteries: - Femoral - popliteal - anterior and posterior tibial - peroneal and dorsalis pedis arteries Veins: - femolar - long - short saphenous
3
Q
Where can arterial pulses be located?
A
Radial Brachial Femoral Popliteal Dorsalis pedis Posterior tibial
4
Q
Arterial pulse points in the arm?
A
Axillary
Radial - distal forearm and anatomical snuffbox
Brachial - mid arm and cubital fossa
Ulnar
5
Q
Vein pulse points in the leg?
A
Femoral
Posterior tibial
Popliteal
Dorsalis pedis
6
Q
What forms the axillary artery?
A
Subclavian artery
7
Q
Name the 3 branches of the axillary artery?
A
- Superior thoracic
- Acromiothoracic and lateral thoracic
- Subscapular, anterior humeral circumflex and posterior humeral circumflex
8
Q
What forms the brachial artery?
A
Axillary
9
Q
Name the 2 main branches of the brachial artery?
A
Ulnar and radial
10
Q
What does the radial artery enter?
A
Anatomical snuffbox
11
Q
Subclavian pulse can be felt where?
A
First rib
12
Q
Brachial artery pulse can be felt where?
A
Humerus
13
Q
Radial and ulnar arteries pulse felt where?
A
Wrist
14
Q
Name the 2 main veins of the arm?
A
Cephalic on radial
Basilic on ulnar
15
Q
Where does the cephalic vein drain into?
A
Axillary vein
16
Q
What can the cephalic vein be sued for in emergency situations?
A
Emergency cut down for cannulation
17
Q
What forms the axillary vein?
A
Basilic and deep veins`
18
Q
What veins joins the cephalic and basilic veins?
A
Median cubital vein
19
Q
Which vein is most preferred for venepuncture?
A
Median cubital vein
20
Q
What forms the femoral artery?
A
External iliac artery
21
Q
Name the branches of the femoral artery?
A
- Superficial circumplex iliac
- Superficial epigastric
- Superficial external pudendal
In the thigh: - profunda femoris (gives off medial and lateral circumflex branches)
22
Q
What forms the popliteal artery?
A
Femoral artery
23
Q
Why is the popliteal artery hard to palpate and so hard to feel the pulse?
A
Covered by a thickening in fascia lata and lies deed in the popliteal fossa
24
Q
How to properly palpate and feel the popliteal pulse?
A
- Patient prone
- Knee flexed
- Muscles relaxed, by resting leg on examiner’s arm
- Apply firm pressure downwards against popliteal fossa
25
Name the 2 main branches of the popliteal artery?
Anterior and Posterior tibial
26
What forms the dorsalis pedis artery?
Anterior tibial artery
27
Name the branches of the anterior tibial artery?
Muscular branches and branches which anastamose around knee and ankle joint
28
Which branch is larger - Posterior or Anterior tibial?
Posterior
29
Name the branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Peroneal
Branches to tibia and ankle joint
Medial and lateral plantar
30
What does the peroneal artery supply?
Popliteus and the fibula
31
What does the medial and lateral plantar arteries supply?
Foot
32
Name the 2 superficial veins of the leg?
Long and Short saphenous
33
Which vein in the leg is good for venepuncture?
Long saphenous vein
34
What forms the long saphenous vein?
Dorsal network of veins
35
Where does the long saphenous vein drain into?
Femoral vein
36
What vein can be used for cardiac bypass surgery?
Part of the long saphenous vein
37
Why is the long saphenous vein perfect to replace a coronary artery?
The valves do not obstruct arterial flow
38
What forms the short saphenous vein?
from the veins from the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot
39
Where does the short saphenous vein drain?
Popliteal vein
40
What are varicose veins?
Superficial veins of lower limb
41
What are the causes of the pain and discomfort in varicose veins?
- Hereditary weakness of walls and valves
- Elevated intra-abdominal pressure
- Thrombophlebitis of deep veins, causing the superficial veins being the main venous pathway
42
What is the definition of the peritoneum?
A thin, transparent squamous epithelium serous membrane that consists of a parietal and visceral layer
43
What 2 layers does the peritoneum consist of?
Parietal
| Visceral
44
How are the layers separated?
By capillary films of peritoneal fluid
45
During development, organs protrude into the peritoneal sac and what happens?
Take vessels and nerves with it
46
How mobile is with viscera with mesentery?
Depends of the length of mesentery
47
As organs develop larger, what happens?
Obliterate the peritoneal cavity completely
48
How is the peritoneal cavity divided?
Greater sac and Lesser sac
49
A surgical incision where with enter the greater sac?
Anterior abdominal wall
50
Where is the lesser sac located?
Lies posterior to stomach and liver
51
In females, what does the peritoneal cavity communicate with?
Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
52
In males, what happens to the peritoneal cavity?
Closed
53
What is the definition of the mesentery?
A double layer of peritoneum that encloses the organ and connects it to the abdominal wall
54
What is the mesentery of the stomach?
Mesogastrium
55
What is the mesentery of the transverse colon?
Transverse mesocolon
56
What is the mesentery of the SI?
Mesentery
57
What is the name given to viscera with no mesentery?
Extraperitoneal
| Retroperitoneal
58
What is the definition of retroperitoneal?
Area outside or behind the peritoneum
59
What is the definition of peritoneal?
WIthin the peritoneum
60
What is the definition of Intraperitoneal?
Within the peritoneal cavity, contains abdominal organs
61
What is the definition of extraperitoneal?
Outside of the peritoneal cavity
62
What is the definition of the greater omentum?
Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach
63
What does the greater omentum connect the stomach with?
Diaphragm
Spleen
Transverse colon
64
Name the 5 peritoneal ligaments associated with the Liver?
To abdominal wall:
- falciform ligament
- ligamentum teres
- coronary ligament
- left and right triangular ligament
65
Name the 4 peritoneal pouches and what gender they are associated with?
```
Rectouterine pouch (F)
Rectovesical pouch (M)
Vesicouterine pouch (F)
Supracolic and infracolic compartments
```
66
Where is the lesser sac located?
Between the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall
67
What is the lesser sac split into?
```
Inferior recess (potential space)
Superior recess (limited by diaphragm)
```
68
How does the lesser sac communicate with the main peritoneal caivty?
Epiploic foramen, located at posterior to free edge of lesser omentum
69
Name 2 diseases of the peritoneum?
Ascites
| Supraphrenic abscess
70
Describe the process of peritoneal dialysis?
Dialysis fluid enters abdominal cavity
| Fluid and waste drain out
71
Name the 7 organs that form the gastrointestinal system?
```
Mouth
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
SI
LI
```
72
Name the 6 organs that are accessory organs to the GI system?
```
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
```
73
What region is the RH?
Right hypochondriac
74
What region is the RL?
Right lumbar
75
What region is the RI?
Right inguinal
76
What region is the LH?
Left hypochondriac
77
What region is the LL?
Left lumbar
78
What region is the LI?
Left inguinal
79
What region is the RUQ?
Right upper quadrant
80
What region is the LUQ?
Left upper quadrant
81
What region is the RLQ?
Right lower quadrant
82
What region is the LLQ?
Left lower quadrant
83
Name the 3 body cavities?
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
84
By what is the abdominal cavity separated from the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
85
Where to the salivary glands empty into?
Oral cavity
86
What leads from the oral cavity?
Posteriorly into oropharynx
87
Name the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Naso
Oro
Laryngo (communicates with larynx)
88
What leads from the pharynx?
Oesophagus
89
What is the definition of the oesophagus?
Collapsed muscular tube, epens inferiorly and the the left into the stomach
90
Where does the oesophagus start?
C6
91
Where does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm
T10
92
In what quadrant is the stomach located?
LUQ
93
Name the 4 main parts of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus
94
Name the 2 curvatures of the stomach?
Lesser
| Greater
95
In what quadrant is the liver situated?
RUQ
96
What type of organ is the spleen?
Lymphatic organ
97
In what quadrant is the spleen located?
LUQ
98
What is the spleen concealed by?
Anterior: Greater curvature of the stomach and left colic flexure
Posterior: ribs 9-11
99
Describe the shape of the SI?
C-shaped
100
Name the 3 parts of the SI?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
101
Describe the position of the jejunum and ileum?
J: upper left abdomen
I: lower right abdomen
102
Which is longer jejunum or ileum?
Ileum
103
What are the appearances of the jejunum and ileum?
J: thick, wide and vascular
I: thin, narrow and pale
104
How many Peyer's patches and vascular arcades do the jejunum and ileum have?
J: Few and Few
I: Many and Many
105
How long and how much do the jejunum and ileum have of vasa recti and mesenteric fat?
J: long and less
I: short and more
106
How is the LI split into 7 segments?
```
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descedning colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Proximal anus
```
107
NAme the 2 flexures of the LI?
Hepatic and splenic
108
What is the definition of the Teniae coli?
Three longitudinal muscle bands that run along the entire colon
109
What is the definition of the Haustra coli?
Permanent sacculations between teniae involving circular muscles
110
What is the definition of the appendices epiploicae
Fatty appendages that are attached to the teniae
111
Name the 3 parts of the embryonic gut?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
112
What forms from the foregut?
Oesophagus, stomach and proximal duodenum
113
What forms from the midgut?
Distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, proximal colon to splenic flexure
114
What forms from the hindgut?
Colon distal to splenic flexure, rectum and proximal anus
115
What blood supply forms from the foregut?
Coeliac artery
116
What blood supply forms from the midgut?
Superior mesenteric
117
What blood supply forms from the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric
118
What is the venous drainage system for the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric vein to splenic vein
119
What is the venous drainage system for the midgut?
Superior mesenteric vein
| Superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein to portal vein
120
What is the venous drainage system for the foregut?
Drains into portal system
121
Where does the portal vein travel to?
Liver
122
What forms the inferior vena cava?
3 hepatic veins
