Anatomy

Question 1

Layers of the heart

Answer 1

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 2

Epicardium

Answer 2

External layer

Visceral serous pericardium

Question 3

Myocardium

Answer 3

Middle layer

Cardiac muscle

Question 4

Endocardium

Answer 4

Internal layer

Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

Question 5

Which chamber forms the right heart border?

Answer 5

Right atrium

Question 6

Which chamber forms the left border of the heart?

Answer 6

Left ventricle

Question 7

Which chamber forms the posterior surface of the heart?

Answer 7

Left atrium

Question 8

Which chamber forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 8

Right ventricle

Question 9

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 9

4

Question 10

Which cardiac valve is between RV and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 10

Pulmonary valve

Question 11

Which valve is between LV+LA?

Answer 11

Mitral/ bicuspid valve

Question 12

Which valve is between RA+RV?

Answer 12

Tricuspid valve

Question 13

Which valve is between LV+ aorta?

Answer 13

Aortic valve

Question 14

Composition of blood vessels

Answer 14

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Question 15

What is the tunica intima made of?

Answer 15

Endothelium

Question 16

What is the tunica media made of?

Answer 16

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres

Question 17

What is the tunica adventitia made of?

Answer 17

Connective tissue

Question 18

If an artery has common or trunk in the name, what dies this mean?

Answer 18

It will definitely divide again

Question 19

Anastomosis

Answer 19

Where arteries connect without an intervening capillary network

Provides alternate route for blood to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion

Question 20

An anastomosis of the brain

Answer 20

Circle of Willis

Helps prevent CVA

Question 21

Collateral

Answer 21

Each alternate route in a given anastomosis

Disadvantage: collateral bleeds from both sides of the cut

Question 22

End artery

Answer 22

Only arterial supply to an are (no collaterals)

Question 23

Branches of the arch of the aorta

Answer 23

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery

Question 24

Upper limb blood supply

Answer 24

Subclavian artery-> axillary artery-> brachial artery-> radial and ulnar arteries

Question 25

Branches to supply abdominal organs

Answer 25

Abdominal aorta-> common iliac arteries-> external and internal iliac arteries

Question 26

Where does the external iliac artery supply?

Answer 26

Lower limbs

Question 27

Where does the internal iliac artery supply?

Answer 27

Pelvis/ perineum

Question 28

Where is the carotid pulse found?

Answer 28

At bifurcation of common carotid artery

Question 29

Veins are pulsatile and low pressure. T/F?

Answer 29

False Veins are non pulsatile and low pressure Arteries are pulsatile and high pressure

Question 30

2 main venous systems in the body?

Answer 30

Hepatic portal venous system | Systemic venous system

Question 31

Role of hepatic venous system

Answer 31

Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of GIT and associated organs to liver for cleaning

Question 32

Role of systemic venous system

Answer 32

Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissue into SVC/ IVC

Question 33

Where is lymph eventually returned to?

Answer 33

Central veins in root of the neck

Question 34

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

Answer 34

Right venous angle

Question 35

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 35

Left venous angle

Question 36

What is the only lymphatic vessel which can be seen in dissection?

Answer 36

Thoracic duct

Question 37

Axial skeleton

Answer 37

Bones of the skull, neck (including hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae), and trunk (chest, abdo and back)

Question 38

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 38

Bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Question 39

Bone

Answer 39

``` Hard connective tissue Functions - support and protect organs - calcium metabolism - RBC formation - attachment for skeletal muscle ```

Question 40

Cartilage

Answer 40

Less rigid than bone | Located where mobility is needed at articulations

Question 41

What attaches muscle to the bone?

Answer 41

Tendons (non-contractile)

Question 42

Aponeurosis

Answer 42

Flat tendon | Attaches muscle to soft tissue

Question 43

Muscle paralysis

Answer 43

Muscle without functioning motor nerve Cannot contract Reduced muscle tone on Examination

Question 44

Muscle spasticity

Answer 44

Intact and functioning motor nerve Descending controls from brain don’t work Increased muscle tone on examination

Question 45

What type of cells are gametes?

Answer 45

Haploid cells

Question 46

Where are gametes produced?

Answer 46

Gonads (testes/ ovaries)

Question 47

Where is the pelvic cavity

Answer 47

Within the bony pelvis, between pelvic inlet and outlet

Question 48

What separates perineum and pelvic cavity?

Answer 48

Pelvic floor (internal wall of skeletal muscle)

Question 49

What is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in an upright female?

Answer 49

Rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)

Question 50

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

Answer 50

In ampulla

Question 51

Where does implantation usually occur?

Answer 51

Body of the uterus

Question 52

Where do the testes originate from?

Answer 52

The posterior wall of the abdominal cavity | They descend into the scrotum, through the anterior abdo wall (inguinal canal)

Question 53

Vas deferens

Answer 53

Tube which seem passes from testes to the urethra

Question 54

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 54

Seminiferous tubules | It then passes to rete testis then to the head of epididymis, which becomes the vas deferens

Question 55

What is found in the spermatic cord?

Answer 55

Vas deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus