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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the upper limbs?

A

Axilla

Arm

Elbow/cubtial fossa

Fore arm

wrist

hand

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2
Q

What makes up the lower limbs?

A

Inguinal region/groin

Thigh

Knee/popliteal fossa

Leg

Ankle

Foot

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3
Q

Where does the lower limbs start?

A

Extends from the pelvis

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4
Q

What muscles of the gluteal Region make up the superficial muscle group?

A

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia latae

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5
Q

What is the function of the superficial muscles in the gluteal region?

A

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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6
Q

Which nerves innervate the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal
all others = superior gluteal
Trendelenburg’s Gait

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7
Q

What gluteal muscles make up the deep muscle group?

A

piriformis

obturator internus

gemelli

quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What is the function of the deep muscle group in the gluteal region?

A

lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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9
Q

What nerves innervate the deep muscle group in the gluteal region?

A

Sacral plexus

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10
Q

How do nerves enter the pelvis?

A

Greater sacral foramen

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11
Q

How do nerves enter the perineum?

A

Lesser sacral foramen

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12
Q

What makes up the lesser and greater sacral foramen?

A

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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13
Q

What are the main nerves which enter/exit the pelvis via the gluteal region?

A

Sciatic (L4-S3)

Pudendal (S2-S4)

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-S3)

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14
Q

What do the sciatic nerves supply?

A

supplies posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles & most of the skin via tibial and common fibular branches

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15
Q

What do the pudendal nerve supply?

A

Principal nerve to perineum

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16
Q

What do the posterior cutaneous nerves of thigh supply?

A

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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17
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve normally exit from in the gluteal region?

A

leaves pelvis through great sciatic foramen Inferior to piriformis

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18
Q

What does the sciatic nerve separate into in the distal thigh?

A

tibial nerve

common fibular

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

superior – inguinal ligament

medially – adductor longus

laterally – sartorius

floor – iliopsoas and pectineus

roof – deep fascia (fascia lata)

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20
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Lymphatics

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21
Q

What are the three compartments of the thigh?

A

anterior, medial &anterior posterior compartments

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22
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior,lateral & posterior compartments

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23
Q

What is found in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

1.flexors of thigh
pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

2.extensors of leg
quadriceps femoris

3.all femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
psoas major (L1,L2,L3)
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24
Q

What is found in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. adductors of thigh
    adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

2.all obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

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25
What is found in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
1.extensors of thigh & flexors of leg semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris 2. all tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) short head biceps femoris (common fibular division of sciatic)
26
What is found in the anterior compartment of the leg?
1.dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius 2.all deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
27
What is found in the lateral compartment of the leg?
1.evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle fibularis longus, fibularis brevis 2. all superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
28
Where is the popliteal fossa?
Posterior to knee
29
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
superolaterally – biceps femoris superomedially – semimembranosus inferiorly – gastrocnemius roof – popliteal fascia
30
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
lots of fat terminal small saphenous vein popliteal vessels tibial and common fibular nerves
31
What makes up the calcaneal tendon (ankle tendon)? ii. what does it attach to?
tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus together ii. attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
32
what nerves do the ankle jerk reflex test?
tests S1, S2 nerve roots
33
What is the route of the superficial lymphatics?
follow saphenous veins drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes
34
What is the route of deep lymphatics?
follow deep veins (popliteal lymph nodes) deep inguinal lymph nodes external iliac lymph nodes
35
What do the motor nerves of the femoral nerve innervate? (L2,3,4)
quadriceps femoris, sartorius, iliacus & pectineus
36
What do the motor nerves of the tibial part of the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)?
1. muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh: true hamstrings - semimembranosus semitendinosus ``` 2.long head of biceps femoris muscles of the posterior compartment of leg: gastrocnemius soleus plantaris popliteus tibialis posterior ``` 3.muscles of the sole of the foot: flexors of the digits (digitorum & hallucis longus) ALL intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot (via medial and lateral plantar branches)
37
what do the motor nerves of the obturator nerve innervate? (L2,3,4)
``` ALL of the medial compartment of thigh ALL adductors (except hamstring part of magnus) & gracilis ```
38
What do the motor nerves of the | common fibular part of the sciatic nerve innervate? (L4-S2)
short head of biceps femoris
39
What is superficial fibular branch of the common fibular nerve?
muscles of the lateral compartment of leg: fibularis longus & brevis
40
What is superficial fibular branch of the deep fibular nerve?
muscles of the anterior compartment of leg: Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius muscles of the dorsum of the foot: extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) extensor hallucis brevis (EHB)
41
which nerves innervate the rest of the lower limb?
Branches of the lumbosacral plexus
42
What are the three principal types of muscles?
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
43
What are the three main properties of the skeletal muscles?
Striated Unbranched Multinucleate - Nuclei are at the periphery of the fibre, just under sarcolemma
44
what is the sarcolemma?
the cell membrane of muscle cells
45
what is the name of bundles that muscle fibres are organised into?
Fascicles
46
What is the name of the connective tissue which surrounds the whole muscle?
Epimysium
47
What is the name of the connective tissue which surrounds a fascicle?
Perimysium
48
what is the name of the connective tissue which surrounds a single muscle fibre?
Endomysium
49
what is a sarcomere? ii. what do they form?
the ‘unit of contraction’, of the muscle cell, that is, they are the smallest contractile elements in the striated muscle cell ii. thousands of these are placed end-to-end to form a myofibril
50
What line to sarcomeres extend from?
one Z line to another one
51
What is a motor unit?
one motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates
52
Finish the sentence: the fewer the number of muscle fibres in a motor unit the finer the what?
the finer the control of movement
53
What are the 3 types of skeletal fibres?
Type I - relatively slowly contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism Type II a - They are relatively fast contracting, but are also reasonably resistant to fatigue. (intermediate between Type I and Type II b) Type II b - fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism
54
What do Type I skeletal fibres contain a lot of?
Mitochondria and Myogoblin
55
How are cells nourished in the cartilage?
diffusion through the extracellular matrix
56
How are cells nourished in the bone?
nourished by blood vessels that pervade the tissue.
57
What are the cells called that found in the cartilage? ii. what are immature forms of these cells called?
Chondrocytes ii. Chondroblasts
58
Where do chondrocytes reside in the extracellular matrix?
Lacuna
59
What does the ECM contain?
1. water (75%) | 2. 25% organic material. ( Type II collagen and Proteoglycan aggregates)
60
What colour is Hyaline cartilage?
Grossly, it is blue-white in colour and translucent
61
What colour is Elastic cartilage?
Grossly it is light yellow in colour
62
what colour is fibrocartilage?
Grossly, fibrocartilage appears white.
63
Where is most of the calcium in the body stored?
bones
64
What is bone made of?
1. bioapatitie (65%)- a form of calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite 2. Collagen 3. Water
65
What are the two types of bone found in a long bone which can be viewed with the naked eye?
1. Cortical bone - makes up the diaphysis (shaft) | 2. Cancellous or trabecular bone occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses)
66
What are the five main parts of a long bone from proximal to distal?
Proximal epiphyses Metaphysis Diaphysis metaphysis Distal epiphyses
67
What are the main parts of a long bone from superficial to deep?
Periosteum compact bone Marrow cavity bone marrow
68
What is the main difference between compact and trabecular bone? ii. what type of bone are they both?
the presence of spaces (marrow cavities) adjacent to trabecular bone. ii. Lamellar
69
what is the main type of cell found in the bones?
osteocytes
70
What are cement lines?
lines that are often visible surrounding the osteon are termed
71
What do Trabecular bones lack?
generally lacks Haversian canals
72
What are osteoprogenitor cells? ii. where are they found?
serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts ii. located on bone surfaces e.g. periosteum
73
What are Osteoblast cells? ii. where are they found?
bone forming cells ii. Found on surface of developing bones
74
What are Osteocytes?
Bone cell trapped within the bone matrix
75
What are Osteoclast cells? ii. where are they found?
large (up to 40µm or more) multinucleated cells. which are responsible for bone resorption ii. Surface of bones
76
What do osteoblasts secrete?
osteoid - mixture of collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and other organic components of the matrix
77
What are differences between lamellar and woven bone?
Woven bone: 1. Not as strong as lamellar bone 2. the collagen fibres are laid down in a haphazard fasion Lamellar bone: 1. collagen fibres orientated all in one direction
78
what type of joints are there in the upper limb?
1. Acromoclavicular Joint 2. Glenohumeral joint 3. Elbow joint :HUMEROULNAR JOINT and radial humeral joint 4. Proximal radioulnar joint 5. Radiocarpal Joint 6. Distal radioulnar joint 7. sternoclavicular joint
79
what does the radial bone move over during supination?
ulna
80
where does the Lateral (radial) collateral ligament attach from?
lateral epicondyle of humerus to annular ligament
81
What are the main joints in the hand?
1. Distal interphalangeal (IP) joint ( fingers) 2. Proximal interphalangeal (IP) joint (fingers) 3. metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) - condyloid type joint 4. carpometacarpal (CMC) joint - saddle type joint
82
What are the axio appendicular muscles? ii. which nerves innervate these muscles?
1. Trapezius - CN XI 2. Latissimus dorsi - Thoracodorsal nerve 3. Rhomboid minor - Dorsal scapula nerve 4. Rhomboid major - Dorsal scapula nerve 5. Serratus anterior - Long thoracic nerve 6. Pectoralis Major - Medial pectoral nerve
83
What are 4 the rotator cuff muscles? ii. what is their function?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus (Greater tuberosity) Teres minor Subscapularis – (Lesser tuberosity) ii. They hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa
84
How much of the head of the humerus is in contact with the glenoid fossa at any time?
1/3rd
85
What are the muscles which make up the anterior compartment of the arm? ii. which nerve innervates this compartment?
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis ii. Musculocutaneous
86
What is the role of the anterior compartment of the arm?
Flexion of arm and forearm
87
What muscle makes up the posterior compartment of the arm? ii. which nerve innervates this?
Triceps brachii ii. Radial nerve
88
what is the role of the posterior compartment of the arm?
Extension of arm and forearm
89
What muscles make up the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
PRONATOR TERES FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS PALMARIS LONGUS FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
90
what muscles make up the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
91
What muscles make up the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS PRONATOR QUADRATUS
92
which nerves innervate the anterior compartment of the forearm? ii. what is the action of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
ALL Median nerve, except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus ii. Flexion of the wrist and digits, pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist.
93
Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
BRACHIORADIALIS EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS ANCONEUS EXTENSOR DIGITORUM EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI
94
Which muscles make up the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
SUPINATOR EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS EXTENSOR INDICIS
95
Which nerves innervate the posterior compartment of the forearm? ii. what is the action of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
all radial nerves ii. Extension of the wrist and digits, supination, abduction and adduction of the wrist.
96
Which muscles make up the thenar eminence? ii. Which nerves innervate it?
Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis ii. Recurrent branch of the median nerve
97
Which muscles make up the Hypothenar eminence? ii. which nerves innervate it?
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Opponens digiti minimi ii. Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
98
What do the lumbricals attach to? ii. which nerves innervate the lumbricals?
to tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus ii. Median n. (lateral 2) Ulnar n. (medial 2)
99
what are the two main interorossei muscles? ii. which nerves innervate the lumbricals?
Dorsal interossei – Abduction of digits Palmar interossei – Adduction of digits ii. ulnar nerve
100
where does the brachial plexus originate from? ii. what is its route?
Brachial plexus originate from anterior rami of C5-T1 ii. Passes through the axilla to the medial arm
101
what do the cords of the brachial plexus move around?
Brachial artery
102
What does the brachial plexus consist of from proximal to distal?
Think: Really Tired Drink Coffee Now Roots (C5 - T1) Trunks ( Superior, Middle, Inferior) Divisions ( 3 anterior and 3 posteriors) Cords ( Lateral, Posterior and Medial) Nerves (MUSCULO-CUTANEOUS, AXILLARY, RADIAL, MEDIAN, ULNAR)
103
Which Root innervates the Lateral third of the hand in anatomical positon?
C6
104
which root innervates the middle third of the hand in anatomical position?
C7
105
which root innervates the medial third of the hand in anatomical position?
C8
106
What is the carpal tunnel formed by?
Flexor retinaculum | Carpals
107
what does the carpal tunnel consist of?
Flexor digitorum superficialis (x4) Flexor digitorum profundus (x4) Flexor pollicis longus (x1) Median nerve
108
what is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Compression of median nerve Weakness in the thenar muscles Numbness in digits 1-3 and lateral half of digit 4
109
Name the arteries from the subclavian to the deep palmar arch.
1. Subclavian artery 2. axillary artery 3. Brachial artery 4. Elbow anastomosis 5. Radial/ulnar artery 6. Superficial palmar arch 7. Deep palmar arch
110
How many vertebrae are there in the human spine?
33
111
what are the 5 sections of the vertebral column?
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral (fused) Coccygeal (fused)
112
How cervical vertebrae are there?
7
113
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
114
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
115
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
116
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4
117
How many curves are there in a healthy spine?
4
118
What are the two main sections of a typical vertebra?
1. Vertebral body | 2. Vertebral arch
119
What is the name of the C1 vertebra?
the Atlas
120
What is the name of the C2 vertebra? ii. what specialised anatomical process does it have?
the Axis ii. dens
121
What is the role of the C1 and C2 vertebra?
Allows head rotation
122
What is atypical about C7 vertebra?
1. Small foramina transveraria | 2. Long spinous process non bifid
123
What type of joint is the intervertebral discs?
Secondary cartilaginous joints
124
What type of joints are facet joints?
Synovial
125
What is the function of facet joints and intervertebral discs?
Allow for flexion,extension & lateral flexion of spine
126
What type of facet joints does the cervical spine have?
Horizontal facet joints
127
What type of facet joints does the lumbar spine have?
More vertical facet joints
128
What do intervertebral disc lose as people age?
Water content
129
What are the two main sections of the intervetrebral disc?
Outer annulus fibrosis inner Gelatinous nucleus pulposus
130
What parts of the spine are affected the most by degeneration of the intervetrebral discs ( loss of water)?
L4/5 L5/S1
131
where does the spinal cord end?
L1 (cauda equina)
132
Which nerve roots contribute to the the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5 & S1,2,3
133
What is sciatica?
Radiation of nerve pain along sensory distribution of sciatic nerve
134
What muscles make up the erector spinae? ( muscles of the spine)
1. ilioscostalis 2. Longissimus thoracis 3. Spinalis thoracis
135
What are the ligaments of the spine?
1. Anterior longitudinal ligament 2. Posterior longitudinal ligament 3. Ligamentum flavum 4. Supraspinous ligament 5. Interspinous ligament
136
What does the 'bony architecture' of the hip joint consist of? ii/
Femoral head Acetabulum Synovial ball and socket
137
What is the acetabular labrum?
Fibrocartilaginous rim along the margin of the acetabulum
138
What ligaments are found in the hip joint?
iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament
139
Name all the hamstring muscles.
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Long head and short head bicep femoris
140
Name all the Gluteus muscles.
1. Gluteus Minimus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Gluteus Maximus
141
which muscles are involved in the flexion of the Hip joint?
1. Illiopsoas 2. Sartorius 3. Tensor fasciae latae 4. Rectus femoris 5. Pectineus 6. Adductor longus 7. Adductor brevis 8. Adductor magnus - anterior part 9. Gracilis
142
which muscles are involved in the adduction of the Hip joint?
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis Pectineus Obturator extemus
143
What muscles are involved in the extension of the Hip joint?
Hamstrings Adductor magnus - Posterior part Gluteus maximus
144
which muscles are involved in the abduction of the hip joint?
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae
145
which muscles are involved involved in the medial rotation of the hip joint?
Gluteus medius - anterior part Gluteus minimus - anterior part Tensor fasciae latae
146
What is the relationship of the sciatic nerve to the acetabulum?
Sciatic nerve runs posterior acetabulum at the levek of the ischium
147
What sciatic nerve division is most likely affected by hip dislocation?
common fibular division
148
What is the gluteus Medius's origin?
Between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines of ilium inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur
149
What is the gluteus Minimus's origin?
Between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines of ilium inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur
150
What is the course of the superior gluteal nerve?
originates from the L4-S1 anterior rami Leaves pelvic cavity via the greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis Passes between gluteus minimus and medius
151
What arteries supply the femoral head and neck?
Medial circumflex artery ( primary blood supply) Lateral circumflex artery Retinacular arteries all are branches of the profunda femoris (deep femoral artery)
152
Name the deltoid ankle ligaments.
Anterior tibiotalar ligament Posterior tibiotalar ligament Tibionavicular ligament Tibiocalcaneal ligament
153
What type of joint is the shoulder joint? ii. What attaches to form the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket synovial joint ii. Humeral head and the scapular glenoid
154
what is the shoulder girdle formed by?
Scapula Clavicle proximal humerus Supporting muscles ( includes deltoid and the muscles of the rotator cuff)
155
Why does the shoulder joint is dependent on the surrounding musculature for stability?
Due to lack of inherent bony stability
156
What is the rotator cuff formed by?
Supraapinatus (posterior) - attaches to the greater tuberosity Infraspinatus (posterior)- attaches to the greater tuberosity Teres Minor ( posterior) - attaches to the greater tuberosity Subscapularis ( anterior side)- attaches to the lesser tuberosity and is the principal rotator
157
What is the role of the rotator cuff?
Holds the humeral head in place and provides essential movements such as pulling the humeral head into the glenoid to provide a stable fulcrum for the powerful muscle to abduct the arm.
158
What two joints does the elbow joint consist of?
Humero-ulnar joint ( responsible for flexion/extension) Radio-capitallar joint (responsible for supination/pronation along with the proximal and distal radioulnar joints)
159
What effect does the triceps muscle have on the elbow? ii. Where does it insert to help the elbow?
Helps elbow extension ii. Olecranon process
160
What effect do the biceps muscle and brachialis have on the elbow? ii. Where do they insert to help the elbow?
Help flex the elbow
161
Which muscles cause the supination of the elbow?
Biceps and supinator muscles
162
Which muscles cause the pronation of the elbow?
Contraction of the pronator teres muscle proximally Contraction of the pronator quadratus muscle distally
163
Where does the common extensor origin arise from?
the lateral epicondyle
164
Where does the common flexor origin arise from?
the medial epicondyle
165
what type of joint is the knee?
hinge joint
166
what is the knees planes of movement?
extension and flexion and a small degree of rotation
167
what muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the lower limb? ii. which nerves innervate them? iii. what are the actions of these muscles?
1. Tibialis anterior: ii. Deep peroneal nerve iii. Dorsiflexes ankle joint, inverts foot 2. Extensor digitorum longus ii. Deep peroneal nerve iii. Extends lateral four toes, dorsiflexes ankle joint 3. Peroneus tertius ii. Deep peroneal nerve iii. Dorsiflexes ankle, everts foot 4. Extensor hallucis longus ii. Deep peroneal nerve iii. Dorsiflexes ankle joint, extends big toe
168
what muscles are found in the peroneal compartment of the lower limb? ii. which nerves innervate them? iii. what are the actions of these muscles?
1. Peroneus longus ii. Superficial peroneal nerve iii. Everts foot, assists in plantar flexion 2. Peroneus brevis ii. Superficial peroneal nerve iii. Plantar flexes the ankle joint
169
what muscles are found in the Superficial posterior compartment of the lower limb? ii. which nerves innervate them iii. what are the actions of these muscles?
1. Gastrocnemius ii. Tibial nerve iii. Plantar flexes the foot, may also flex the knee 2. Soleus ii. Tibial nerve iii. Plantar flexor
170
what muscles are found in the deep posterior compartment of the lower limb? ii. which nerves innervate them iii. what are the actions of these muscles?
1. Flexor digitorum longus ii. Tibial iii. Flexes the lateral four toes 2. Flexor hallucis longus ii. Tibial iii. Flexes the great toe 3. Tibialis posterior ii. Tibial iii. Plantar flexor, inverts the foot
171
what Structures are posterior to the lateral malleolus and superficial to superior peroneal retinaculum?
Sural nerve | Short saphenous vein
172
what structures posterior to the lateral malleolus and deep to superior peroneal retinaculum?
Peroneus longus tendon Peroneus brevis tendon
173
what is the calcaneofibular ligament attached?
lateral malleolus
174
What is the anatomical order in which the needle passes in order to reach cerebrospinal fluid?
superficial to deep: skin supraspinatus ligament interspinous ligament ligamentum flavum epidural space subdural space subarachnoid space
175
which muscle cell types only have one nuclei?
cardiac and smooth
176
Which one of the following structures are not closely related to the adductor longus muscle? Long saphenous vein Tendon of iliacus The profunda branch of the femoral artery Pectineus muscle Femoral nerve
tendon of iliacus
177
what does the tarsal tunnel contain from anterior to posterior?
tibialis posterior tendon flexor digitorum tendon posterior tibial artery posterior tibial vein tibial nerve flexor hallucis longus tendon
178
which nerve supplies the sartorius muscle?
anterior division of femoral nerve

MSK (7 decks)

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