anatomy Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
divisions of peripheral nervous system?
A
sensory and motor
2
Q
motor divisions are?
A
somatic
autonomic - sympathetic/parasympatehtic
3
Q
glial cells?
A
supporting cells FOR NEURONS
4
Q
neurons?
A
structural and functional unit - carry impulses as AP
5
Q
neuron made up of?
A
multiple dendrites and one axon
6
Q
cytoplasm in cell body of neurone?
A
perikaryon
7
Q
cytoplasm in axon?
A
axoplasm
8
Q
what type of neutron is interneurons/motor?
A
multipolar
9
Q
what type of neuron is sensory neurons?
A
pseudo unipolar
10
Q
bipolar neurons?
A
olfactory muscosa retinal nerve fibers
11
Q
myelin sheath does what?
A
increase conduction speed in axons by saltatory conduction
12
Q
myelin sheath formed by what in PNS and CNS?
A
PNS - Schwann cells
CNS - OLIGODENDROCYTES
13
Q
what occurs to axons in MS condition?
A
patchy loss scarring go myelin sheath - demyelination
thus conduction is affected across axons
14
Q
white and grey matter made up of?
A
white matter - myelinated axons
grey mater - neuronal cell bodies
15
Q
what are tracts?
A
bundles of myelinated axons - carrying specific info WHITE MATTER
16
Q
types of tracts and what each is?
A
ascending tract - sensory
descending tract - motor
17
Q
ascending tracts names?
A
spino-
18
Q
descending tracts names?
A
-spinal
19
Q
dorsal and ventral root correspond to what?
A
dorsal root - sensory - posterior
ventral root - motor - anterior
20
Q
COLLECTION of grey matter inside brain/wm?
A
nuclei/ganglia
21
Q
ependymal cells?
A
line ventricles - part of CNS
22
Q
MICROGLIA?
A
phagocytosis and scar tissue formation in CNS
23
Q
astrocytes?
A
in cns
have end feet
surround synapses and capillaries and help K+ buffering
24
Q
satellite cells?
A
in PNS
surround neuronal cell bodies
25
blood brain barrier function in brain?
protective mechanism that helps maintain stable environment for brain and prevents harmful amino acids and ions enter brain
26
where is BBB absent?
in some areas - parts of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
27
how lipid and water soluble molecules travel across BBB?
LIPID soluble- can freely travel - oxygen/water
water-soluble - pump mediated - glucose/aa
28
3 parts of brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla
29
why/where can we branches of middle meningeal artery?
over surface of scalp - extra dural
30
falx cerebri?
seperates 2 cerebral hemispheres
31
tentorium cerebelli?
separates hemispheres from cerebellum
32
lateral ventricles?
parts
where
2 of them - c shaped
in cerebral hemispheres
anterior horn
posterior horn
inferior horn
33
inter ventricular foramen?
of munro
connects 3rd ventricle with lateral ventricle
34
cerebral aqueduct?
lies in midbrain
| of SYLVIUS
35
4TH VENTRICLE?
LIES IN hindbrain - between pons/medulla
| diamond shaped
36
where is 3rd ventricle?
in diencephalon
37
what is contained in ventricles?
CSF fluid
38
layer of meninges? order it
out - dura
arachnoid
in -pia
39
subdural space?
space for bv - penetrating into the CNS
40
subarachnoid space?
contains csf
41
where csf sits?
in ventricles
central canal of sc
surrounding brain
in-between layers of meninges
42
what forms csf?
choroid plexus in each ventricle
43
where is csf absorbed?
by arachnoid villi/granulations into superior sagittal sinus - venous channels in brain
44
how does csf escape 4th ventricle?
through 3 holes in roof of ventricle =
2 LATERAL AND 1 MEDIAL
into subarachnoid space
and then is reabsoped
45
sympathetic nerves leave sc in what levels?
thoracolumbar outflow
46
preganglionic and postganglionic fibres of sympathetic nerves?
short pre and long post
| CLOSER TO SC
47
WHERE are sympathetic ganglia placed?
in prevertebral anf paravertebral ganglia - sympathetic chain
48
pre and post ganglionic Fibers of parasympathetic nerves?
long pre-ganglionic
| and short post-ganglionic
49
4 cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers?
oculomotor
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus
50
ADRENAL MEDULLA?
inner part of adrenal gland - which release adrenaline and Nora-adrenaline
part of sympaethic system
51
WHAT DO Adrenaline and Noraadrenaline act on?
alpha and beta receptors and adrenic receptors
52
sympathetic causes what of the eye?
contraction of radial muscle of iris - PUPIL DILATE
ciliary body contract - making ligaments go lax and lens thicker
FOCUS FAR AWAY
53
INNERVATION to bv?
explain receptors too of bv
sympathetic only
constriction - alpha 1
dilation - beta 2
54
does sympathetic constrict or relax smooth muscle?
relax smooth muscle
55
gyrus and sulcus meaning in brain?
sulcus - dip
| gyrus - elevation
56
basal ganglia?
collection of neuronal cell bodies in white matter - nuclei
57
long fissure in centre of head?
median longitudinal fissure
58
central sulcus where?
| separates?
across brain surface other way - separates frontal and parietal lobes
separates precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
59
lateral sulcus separates?
frontal and temporal lobes
60
cingulate sulcus?
medial side of Brain
| curved over corpus callosum
61
parieto-occiptal sulcus?
on back side seperates these lobes
62
insult of brain where?
inside temporal lobe
63
frontal lobe for?
parietal lobe for?
occipital for?
temporal for?
motor, intellect
somatosensory
vision
hearing and smell
64
medial portions of cerebral hemisphere for?
limbic system - storage and retrieval of processing info
65
area 4?
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
motor homunculus
66
area 44/45?
brocas area of motor speech ON BOTH SIDES/HEMISPHERES
in frontal lobe
inferior frontal gyrus
67
area 6/8?
prefrontal cortex - cognitive functions of higher order - intellect, judgment and planning etc
68
areas 3,2,1?
post central gyrus
primary sensory area
receive sensation fro contralateral half of body
sensory homunculus
69
areas 41/42?
primary auditor cortex
| superior temporal gyrus
70
posterior to area 41/42?
| present where
auditory association areas - wernickes area - ONLY IN DOMINANT SIDE
in temporal lobe
71
area 17?
primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
72
area 18/19?
visual association cortex occipital Lobe
73
limbic lobe
where?
for?
medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
| for memory/emotional aspects of behaviour
74
LIMBIC system includes what structures?
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala
75
type of fibres in corpus callosum and explain type?
commissural fibers - connect corresponding areas of two hemispheres
76
association fibers of white matter do what?
connect one part of cortex with another in same hemisphere
77
projection fibers of whit matter do what?
run between cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres
| down sc to other areas and pass through internal capsule
78
where is internal capsule situated?
between thalamus
and caudate nucleus MEDIALLY
lentiform nucleus LATERALLY
79
WHAT makes up basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra in midbrain
80
what make sup lentiform nucleus?
putamen laterally and globes pallidus medially
81
caudate nucleus is where?
in wall of lateral ventricle
82
where is third ventricle?
next to thalamus - diencephalon
83
input and output areas of basal ganglia?
input - caudate nucleus and putamen
output - globus pallidus
substantial nigra
84
function of basal ganglia?
initiation anf termination of movements - controlling motor systems
85
medulla surface features?
pyramids and decussation
| olives laterally
86
what cranial nerves from medulla surface?
9,10,11,12
87
how is medulla connected to cerebellum?
by INFERIOR cerebellar peduncle
88
WHERE IS 4TH VENT in association with pons?
ventricle posterior to it
89
how is pons connected to cerebellum?
middle cerebellar peduncle
90
what cranial nerves on surface of pons?
| and how they are
5,6,7,8
5 laterally
6,7,8 inferior surface
91
what connect midbrain to cerebellum?
superior cerebellar peduncle
92
what nerves are originating from midbrain ?
3 anteriorly
| 4 posteriorly
93
where can you see the colliculi?
2 superior and 2 inferior can be seen on posterior midbrain
94
structure of cerebellum?
right and left hemispheres separated by vermis
each hemisphere has anterior, posterior and flocculomotor lobe
95
what is on surface of cerebellum?
sulci and folia
96
parts of diencephalon?4
pineal gland - epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
stalk of pituitary
97
inside of thalamus?
| contains?
group of nuclei
anterior
lateral - processing sensory info.
medial
98
wha separates thalamus and hypothalamus?
hypothalamic sulcus
99
role of hypothalamus?
visceral control
| essential for overall homeostasis - temp, water balance, sleep-wake cycle, etc
100
why continuous circle of willis?
protective machism against vaso-occlusion of large arterys
101
how does basilar artery run?
on anterior surface of brainstem
102
anterior cerebral artery supply?
medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres - inner side
103
where do sinuses lie?
between 2 layer of dura mater
104
explain pathway of sinuses?
- superior sagitall runs superiorly
- inferior sagitall runs inferiorly
straight sinus to confluence of sinuses at back
transverse sinus to IJV
105
DO ALL CRANIAL NERVES ARISE IN BRAINSTEM?
no only 3-12
not 1 &2
106
vertebral arteries supply what of brain?
brainstem and cerebellum
107
what ventricles lie in brainstem?
3rd and 4th vent
108
what cranial nerves arise from pinto-medullary junction?
CN 6,7,8
109
OLIVES of medulla for?
motor co-ordination
110
medulla enters what foramen?
foramen magnum
111
cerebellar peduncle types?
superior
middle
inferior
112
how many cerebral peduncle?
1
113
what can herniate through Foramen magnum?
cerebellar tonsils
114
calcirine sulcus?
runs down from parieto-occipitaq sulcus
115
when does spinal cord In adult and child?
adult - l1-2
| child - l3
116
what level to carry out lumbar puncture?
l3-4
117
carotid body?
area in posterior wall of common carotid in neck - contains chemoreceptors - sensitive to levels of oxygen
118
carotid sinus?
dilatation located on terminal part of common carotid artery - contains pressure receptors - to detect blood flow
119
emissary veins?
veins pass through skull to provide connection between dural venous sinuses and veins of scalp
120
falx cerbri?
fold of meningeal layer of fur that depends through longitudinal fissure between spheres and attaches to CRISTA GALLI
121
WHAT forms upper and lower border of falx cerebri?
superior sagittal and inferior sagittal
122
middle meningeal artery branch of what?
branch of maxillary artery from ECA
123
WHAT pathway does middle cerebral artery go?
goes along lateral sulci
124
hippocampus part of what part of brain?
temporal lobe
125
what operates the lateral ventricles?
septum pelicudum
126
fornix?
collection of fibers(ring) that connect hippocampus to mammillary body
127
basal ganglia made up of?
lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus
128
Internal capsule supplied by?
middle cerebral artery branches
129
grey and white matter made up of?
grey matter - cell bodies/
white matter - axons/mylen
130
cerebellar arteries - how many are there?
superior
anterior inferior
posterior inferior
3 pairs
131
wernicke's area for?
comprehension of speech
132
anterior cerebral artery supplies?
more medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres
133
abnormal movements in stroke? like jerking/tremor?
not usually - that's more like a seizure
134
stroke - unilateral/bilateral?
unilateral - worse on one side
135
TACS stroke?
total anterior circulation stoke
often blocked carotid or cerebral artery
affects one hemisphere main artery
136
PACS stroke?
partial anterior circulation stroke
branch of main artery blocked
137
LACUNAR STROKE?
explain
symptoms
SMALL perforating artery affected
not damaging cortex - but deep white matter tracts
weakness of legs/arms/face etc
138
POCS stroke?
posterior circulation stroke
any posterior artery blocked
139
what runs on top of sternocleidomastoid?
EJV
140
what type of fibers run in medulla pyramids?
motor fibers of WM tracts
141
conus medullaris is meaning?
end of spinal cord
142
pathway of anterior and lateral cerebral artery
a - around corpus callosum - medial surface
l - through lateral sulcus
143
projections of hypothalamus called?
maxillary bodies - for memory
144
medial leminscus?
where white matter tract fibers cross over in medulla
145
type sof fibers in cerebrall AND cerebellar peduncles?
cerebral - motor - white matter tracts
cerebellar - motor and sensory
146
crus cerebri?
anterior part of cerebral peduncle - contains white matter tracts
147
when do posterior fontanelle close?
1/2 months
148
occipital condyleS?
sit on either side of foramen magnum
149
two brnaches of Ica?
supratrochlear
| supra orbital
150
what two foramen does facial nerve enter?
stylomastoid and internal acoustic meatus
