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Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

what is the orbit

A

the various bones surrounding the eyeball

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2
Q

list the external bones of the orbit

A

frontal
zygomatic
maxilla

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3
Q

list the internal bones of the orbit

A

sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal

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4
Q

what structure is the roof of the orbit

A

sphenoid bone

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5
Q

what bones form the floor of the orbit

A

maxilla
zygomatic
palatine

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6
Q

what bones form the medial wall of the orbit

A

maxilla
sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal

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7
Q

what bones form the lateral wall of the orbit

A

zygomatic

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8
Q

what structures are contained in the orbit

A 
eyeballs
eyelids
extra-ocular muscles 
blood vessels 
nerves
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9
Q

what are the three holes that structures can enter and exit the orbit

A

optic canal
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure

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10
Q

what structures pass through the optic canal

A

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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11
Q

what structures pass through the superior orbital fissure

A

lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor and abducen nerve

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12
Q

what structures pass through the inferior orbital fissure

A

inferior ophthalmic nerve
zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve
sympathetic nerve

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13
Q

describe a blowout fracture

A

direct blunt force trauma to the orbit causing partial herniation of the orbital content through one of its walls

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye

A

outer/fibrous layer
vascular layer
inner layer

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15
Q

what are the two components that make up the fibrous layer of the eye

A

cornea

sclera

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16
Q

where is the cornea located

A

centrally in the eye over iris and pupil

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17
Q

what is the function of the cornea

A

2/3 of refractive power

outermost lens of the eye

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18
Q

where is the sclera located

A

around the periphery of the eye/white region

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19
Q

what is the function of the sclera

A

muscle attachment point of extra-ocular muscles

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20
Q

what is the vascular layer of the eye also known as

A

uvea

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21
Q

what are the three structures within the uvea

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

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22
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

controls the diameter of the pupil by smooth muscle fibres innervated by autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

what is the function of the ciliary body

A

the ciliary body controls the shape of the lens by contraction of the ciliary muscles
also contributes to formation of aqueous humour

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24
Q

what is the function of the choroid

A

collection of connective tissue and blood vessels providing nutrients to the retina

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25
what is the inner layer of the eye formed by
the retina - light detecting component
26
what are the two segments of the eye called
anterior and posterior segment
27
where is the anterior segment located
in front of the lens of the eye | this is divided into anterior and posterior chambers
28
where is the posterior segment located
behind the lens of the eye | contains vitreous body made up of vitreous humour
29
what is the main blood supply to the eye
ophthalmic artery
30
which artery is the ophthalmic artery derived from
internal carotid artery
31
describe the venous drainage of the eye
mainly the superior and inferior ophthalmic vein | the orbit drains anteriorly to the facial vein
32
what is the centre of the retina called
macula
33
the macula has the greatest density of what cells
cones
34
what is the centre of the macula called
fovea - this is the area of most acute vision
35
list the extraocular muscles
``` levator palpebrae superioris lateral rectus medial rectus inferior oblique superior oblique inferior rectus superior rectus ```
36
which muscle is involved in raising the superior eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris
37
where does LPS attach
lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
38
which nerve innervates LPS
oculomotor nerve CN III
39
the rectus muscle have a direct or angular approach to the eye
direct
40
what is the action of superior rectus
when abducted can only elevate
41
what nerve innervates the superior rectus muscle
CN III
42
what is the action of inferior rectus
when adducted can only depress
43
which nerve innervates the inferior rectus muscle
CN III
44
what is the action of the medial rectus
adduction only
45
what nerve innervates the medial rectus
CN III
46
what is the action of the lateral rectus
abduction only
47
what nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle
CN VI
48
where do the oblique muscles attach
posterior surface of the sclera
49
what is the action of the superior oblique
when adducted can only depress
50
what nerve innervates the superior oblique
CN IV
51
what is the action of the inferior oblique
when adducted can only elevate
52
what nerve innervates the inferior oblique
CN III
53
how would an oculomotor nerve lesion present
the affected eye positioned in a down and out way as the only functioning muscles are LR and SO
54
how would a trochlear nerve lesion present
no obvious difference in orientation of the eyeball however patient will complain of double vision when walking down the stairs and will compensate by tilting head to one side
55
how would an abducens nerve lesion present
the resting eye will be adducted because the lateral rectus is not longer working
56
what causes Horners Syndrome to arise
damage to the sympathetic trunk
57
what are the clinical symptoms of Horners Syndrome
partial ptosis - drooping of eyelid due to innervation of superior tarsal muscle miosis - pupillary constriction anhidrosis - absence of sweating on ipsilateral side due to denervation of sweat glands
58
what disease cause Horner's syndrome to arise
Pancoast tumour aortic aneurysm thyroid carcinoma
59
which muscle controls the closing of the eyelids and the lacrimal duct
orbicularis oculi
60
describe the three parts of the orbicularis oculi and their functions
palpebral - gently closes the eyelids orbital - tightly closes the eyelids lacrimal - involved in drainage of tears
61
which cranial nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi
CN VII facial nerve
62
the orbicularis oculi is the most superficial or deep part of the eyelid
superficial
63
which cranial nerve innervates the lacrimal gland
CN VII
64
where is the lacrimal gland located
superolateral aspect of the eye in a fossa within the frontal bone
65
after the optic chiasm, vision from the temporal or nasal side stays at the same side
temporal stays the same, the nasal vision crosses over at the optic chiasm
66
when vision is observed through the eyes, list the structures it passes through to get to the brain
optic nerve optic chiasm, cross over optic tracts optic radiation
67
where is the optic radiation located
in the visual cortex within the occipital lobe
68
light from the right visual cortex is processed in the right/left primary cortex
left
69
light from the lower visual field is processed in the upper/lower primary cortex
upper
70
which cranial nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face
CN V
71
which parts of the face does CN V1 supply
upper eyelid cornea conjunctiva
72
which part of the face does CN V2 supply
skin of lower eyelid | skin over maxilla
73
which part of the face does CN V3 supply
skin over mandible | TMJ
74
which cranial nerve carries the sensory (afferent) limb of the blinking reflex
CN V1
75
which cranial nerve carries the motor (efferent) limb of the blinking reflex
CN VII to the orbicularis oculi
76
sympathetic is fight and flight or rest and digest
fight or flight
77
sympathetic innervation is responsible for what changes in the eye
open eyes wider to get more light in | emotional lacrimation
78
parasympathetic innervation is responsible for what changes in the eye
less light in to protect the retina - focus on nearby objects parasympathetics constrict the pupil in bright light
79
state the cranial nerves involves in the sensory and motor limb of the pupillary light reflex
sensory - CN II ipsilateral | motor - CN III bilateral
80
state the nucleus of the brain involved in the pupillary light reflex
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
81
in the lens accommodation reflex the ciliary muscles __ the ligament ___ and the lens ___
relax tighten flattens - enables the object in the distance to be seen
82
in the lens accommodation reflex the ciliary muscles ___ the ligament __ and the lens ___
contract relax becomes more spherical to see near object
83
what type of vision do cones produce
coloured vision
84
what type of vision do rods produce
black/dim vision
85
which muscle of the eye is most likely to be damaged after a blowout fracture
inferior rectus

Ophthalmology (11 decks)

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