Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FRCEM Primary > Anatomy - Abdomen > Flashcards

Anatomy - Abdomen Flashcards

(229 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

9 regions of the abdomen

A 
Right and left hypochondrium
Right and left lumbar
Right and left inguinal
Epigastrium
Umbilical
Hypogastrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Origin of external oblique

A

Lower 8 ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Insertion of external oblique (6)

A 
Xiphoid process
Linea alba
Pubic crest
Pubic tubercle
Iliac crest
Is the origin of the inguinal ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Origin of internal oblique (3)

A

Lumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Lateral 2/3rds inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Insertion of internal oblique (4)

A

Lower 3 ribs and costal cartilage
Xiphoid process
Linea alba
Symphysis pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Innervation of external oblique (3)

A

Lower 6 thoracic nerves
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Innervation of internal obliques (3)

A

Lower 6 thoracic nerves
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Origin of transversus (4)

A

Lower 6 costal cartilages
Lumbar fascia
Iliac crest
Lateral third inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Insertion of transversus (3)

A

Xiphoid process
Linea alba
Symphysis pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nerve supply of transversus (3)

A

Lower 6 thoracic nerves
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Origin of rectus abdominis (2)

A

Symphysis pubis

Pubic crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rectus abdominis (2)

A

5th-7th costal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Innervation of rectus abdominis

A

Lower 6 thoracic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The rectus sheath is formed from the aponeurosis of

A

External obliques
Internal obliques
Transversus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Above the level of the costal margin the anterior rectus sheath is formed by

A

The external oblique aponeurosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Above the level of the costal cartilage the posterior rectus sheath

A

doesn’t exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

From the costal cartilage to the anterior iliac spine the anterior rectus sheath is formed by

A

the external oblique aponeurosis and the anterior part of the split internal oblique aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

From the costal cartilage to the anterior iliac spine the posteior rectus sheath is formed by

A

the posterior part of the split internal oblique aponeurosis and the transversus abdominus aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

From the ASIS to the pubis the anterior rectus sheath is formed by

A

the combined aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

From the ASIS to the pubis the posterior rectus sheath is

A

absent. Rectus abdominis lies on transversalis fascia, thickened to form the iliopubic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The rectus sheath contains (3)

A

Posterior intercostal nerves
Superior epigastric artery
Inferior epigastric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The actions of the abdominal muscles (3)

A

Truncal movement
Rib depression
Visceral support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Place and role of the inguinal canal

A

An oblique passage through the lower part of the abdominal wall. Allows passage of structures from testis to the abdomen or the round ligament of the uterus from the uterus to the labium majus. 6cm long lying parallel and above the inguinal ligament from the inguinal ring to the superficial inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Roof of inguinal canal

A

Arching lower fibres of internal oblique and transversus muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Anterior wall of inguinal canal
Aponeurosis of external oblique | Reinforced by internal oblique in lateral third
26
Posterior wall of inguinal canal
Fascia transversalis | Reinforced by conjoint tendon in medial third
27
Floor of inguinal canal
The inguinal ligament - rolled under inferior edge of the aponeurosis of external oblique At the medial end of the lacunar ligament
28
Superficial inguinal ring
Triangular shaped defect on the external oblique aponeurosis sitting above and medial to pubic tubercle
29
Deep inguinal ring
Oval opening int he transversalis fascia | Lies 1.3cm above the inguinal ligament midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis
30
Contents of the inguinal canal
``` Vas deferens Testicular artery Artery to vas deferens Cremasteric artery Pampiniform plexus Lymphatic vessels Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Sympathetic nerves ilioinguianl nerve Processus vaginalis ```
31
Spermatic cord contains
Vas, vessels and three covering layers: Internal spermatic fascia Cremasteric fascia External spermatic fascia
32
The testes is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called
tunica albuginea
33
The blood supply of the testes comes from
testicular artery from the abdominal aorta
34
Lymph drainage of the testis
Via the para-aortic lymph nodes
35
Lymph from the covering of the testis drains to
external iliac nodes
36
Lymph from the scrotum drains
to superficial inguinal lymph nodes
37
Innervation of testes
Sympathetic fibres derived from T6-T10 - pain often referred to abdomen
38
The testes begin development in the abdomen embedded in the
gubernaculum
39
The gubernaculum swells and draws the testis
down towards the scrotum along with a diverticulum of peritoneum called processus vaginalis
40
The gubernaculum becomes
a remnant in the scrotum and the vas passes down through the inguinal canal.
41
Vas deferens transports
Mature sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and urethra
42
Course of the vas deferens
Arises from the tail of epididymis and runs up the inguinal canal , leaving through the deep inguianl ring, passes around the inferior epigastric artery. Passes along the lateral wall of the pelvis downwards and backwards, crossing the ureter at the level of the ischaial spine. Continues medially and downward along the posterior surface of the bladder, joining the seminal vesicle forming the ejaculatory duct which pierces the posterior surface of the prostate into the prostatic part of the urethra.
43
Site of parietal peritoneum
Lines walls of abdominal and pelvic cavities
44
Parietal peritoneum is sensitive to
Pain, temperature, touch and pressure
45
Site of Visceral peritoneum
Covers organs
46
Visceral peritoneum is sensitive to
Stretch and tearing
47
Parietal peritoneum is supplied by (3)
Abdominal section - Lower 6 thoracic and 1st lumbar nerves Diaphragmatic section - Phrenic nerve and lower 6 thoracic nerves Pelvic section - obturator nerve
48
Visceral peritoneum is supplied by (1)
Autonomic nerve fibres that supply viscera or travel in mesentery
49
3 sections of the peritoneum
Supracolic Infracolic Pelvic
50
What divides the supracolic and onfracolic compartments?
Transverse mesocolon
51
The infracolic compartment contains
Small intestine Ascending colon Descending colon
52
Infracolic compartment is divided into
Right and left infracolic compartments by the root of the mesentery which starts at the left duodenojejunal junction and runs down and right at 45 degrees to the right iliac fossa
53
The sigmoid mesocolon attachments
Medial side of left psoas major Runs up and back to apex overlying bifurcation of common iliac vessels and left ureter Bends down to end at level of 3rd sacral vertebra in median plane
54
Supracolic compartment contains (3)
Stomach Liver Spleen
55
Greater omentum connects
greater curve of the stomach to the transverse colon. | It hangs down in front like an apron and then folds back on itself
56
Oesophagus pierces diaphragm at level
T10
57
Factors guarding against reflux are (3)
A physiological sphincter formed by a circular layer of muscle at lower end of oesophagus. Controlled by vagus nerve, augmented by hormonal control from secretin, glucagons, cholecystokinin Fibres of right crus of diaphragm Muscularis mucosa has mucosal flaps
58
Posterior to oesophagus in abdomen
Left crus of diaphragm Right vagus nerve Left lobe of liver
59
Anterior to oesophagus in abdomen
Covered in peritoneum | Left vagus nerve
60
Oesophageal nerve supply
Vagus plexus | Oesophageal plexus
61
Blood supply to abdominal oesophagus
Branches from left gastric artery
62
Venous drainage of abdominal oesophagus
Left gastric vein - tributary of portal vein
63
Sections of the stomach (3)
Fundus Body Pylorus
64
Fundus of the stomach
Projects above the cardia and connects with the diaphragm, dome shaped and full of gas
65
Body of the stomach extends from
Cardiac orifice to incisura angularis.
66
Level of body of stomach when standing
T10
67
The pylorus of the stomach has a thick muscular wall called and does what
the pyloric sphincter. It controls the rate of passage of stomach contents into the duodenum
68
When recumbent the pyloric opening lies
Right of midline at level of L1
69
Anterior relations of the stomach left to right
Diaphragm Anterior abdominal wall Left lobe of liver
70
Posterior relations of stomach left to right
``` Lesser sac Diaphragm Aorta Pancreas Spleen Left kidney Left adrenal gland Transverse mesocolon Transverse colon ```
71
Arterial supply of the stomach comes from
the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk
72
Nerve supply of the stomach
Vagus nerves Anterior and posterior vagi enter abdomen and supply parasympathetic fibres Sympathetic nerve supply is from coeliac plexus
73
Innervation of the stomach: Anterior nerve from left vagus supplies
Anterior aspect of stomach. 3 branches Gastric Hepatic Branches to pyloric antrum
74
Innervation of the stomach: Posterior nerve from right vagus supplies
Posterior aspect. 2 branches Coeliac branch Numerous branches to posterior stomach
75
Blood supply of the duodenum
Pancreaticoduodenal arteries - upper half by superior, lower half by inferior.
76
Vertebral levels of the four parts of the duodenum
1: Upwards and backwards to right of L1 2: Right of L2, L3 3: Crosses L3 4: L3
77
Duodenum - intra or retroperitoneal ?
First 5cm intraperitoneal, rest is retroperitoneal
78
Duodenum position relative to aorta
Aorta is posterior to third and fourth part of duodenum
79
Duodenum position relative to pancreas
Pancreas sits inferior to first part Pancreas sits medial to second part Pancreas sits superior to third part
80
Duodenum position relative to IVC
IVC sits posterior to first part and third part
81
The jejunum and ileum are susceptible to injury because
they are freely mobile but fixed to the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery of the small intestine
82
What is meckel's diverticulum
A diverticulum in the ileum, 60cm from the caecum, 5cm long, containing all three lyers of intestinal wall. Can be attached to the umbilicus by a fibrous cord or be adhered to it. May contain ectopic gastric or pancreatic mucosa. Presents with haemorrhage or perforation, volvulus, intussusception or Meckel's diverticulitis
83
Nerve supply of the jejunum and ileum
Vagal sympathetic and parasympathetic form the superior mesentericplexus.
84
Referred pain from the jejunum and ileum
Pain fibres pass to the spinal cord via splanchnic nerves and pain is referred to T9-T10 dermatomes. Pain is felt here first and then localises.
85
Blood supply of the jejunum and ileum comes from
midgut superior mesenteric artery. | The lowest part of the ileum is supplied by the ileocolic artery
86
Position of the caecum
Right iliac fossa Anterior to psoas and iliacus muscle Anterior to lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
87
Referred pain from caecum
In the leg when psoas is stretched or hip moves
88
Where is McBurney's point
1/3rd way from ASIS to umbilicus
89
Common positional variants of the tip of the appendix
Retrocaecal - 62% Pelvic - 34% Pre-ileal - 1% Post-ileal - 0.5%
90
Arterial supply of the colon
Hindgut inferior mesenteric artery
91
Innervation of the colon
Pain from sympathetic fibres to the aortic plexus T10-L2. Motor for proximal colon to transverse colon from vagus nerve Motor for distal colon from sacral nerves
92
Ascending colon relation to abdominal organs
Posterior to small intestine | Anterior to lower pole right kidney
93
Transverse colon relation to abdominal organs
Attached to pancreas via the mesocolon | Anterior to the small intestine and 2nd part of duodenum
94
Descending colon relation to abdominal organs
Posterior to small intestine | Anterior to lateral border left kidney
95
Lobes of the liver (4)
Right Left Caudate Quadrate
96
Two surfaces of the liver
Diaphragmatic | Visceral
97
Anterior relations of the liver (5)
``` Diaphragm Right and left costal margins Right and left pleural and inferior lung margins Xiphoid process Anterior abdominal wall ```
98
Posterior-inferior surface relations of the liver (8)
``` Abdominal oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Right colic flexure Right kidney Right adrenal gland Gallbaldder IVC ```
99
Building blocks of the liver are called
lobules
100
The space between the liver lobules is called
portal canal
101
Inside a lobule is
a central vein - a tributary of the hepatic veins
102
Portal canals contain
the portal triad - branches of the portal vein branches of the hepatic artery a bile duct tributary
103
What are sinusoids
spaces where arterial and venous supply passes through between liver cells before draining into the central vein
104
Stability of the liver comes from
the hepatic veins connecting to IVC
105
30% of liver blood supply comes from
Hepatic artery, a branch of the coeliac artery (oxygenated blood)
106
70% of the liver's blood supply comes from
portal vein (deoxygenated blood, rich in digestion products)
107
Pathway of blood through the liver (3)
Into the central veins which drain To left and right hepatic vein which open Directly to IVC
108
Right lobe of the liver mainly receives blood from the (1)
Intestine
109
Left, caudate and quadrate lobes receive blood mainly from the (2)
stomach and spleen
110
Lymph leaves the liver via the
porta hepatis
111
The liver drains lymph to
Coeliac and posterior medastinal lymph nodes
112
The gall bladder is made of three parts
Fundus Body Neck
113
In the gall bladder where is Hartmann's pouch
A dilated area of the gallbladder neck just before it joins the cystic duct
114
Bile journey
Made in the liver Stored and concentrated in the gallbladder Delivered in to the duodenum
115
Formation of the common bile duct
Right and left hepatic ducts come from the right and left side of the liver and combine in the porta hepatis, uniting to form the common hepatic duct which unites with the cystic duct from the gall bladder to form the common bile duct
116
First part of the common bile duct sits where
in the free margin of the lesser omentum in front of the portal vein to the right of the hepatic artery
117
Second part of the common bile duct sits where
Lies behind the 1st part of the duodenum | To the right of the gastroduodenal artery
118
Third part fo the common bile duct sits where
Lies in a groove on the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas
119
How does the common bile duct open into the duodenum
Together with the pancreatic duct the pierce the medial wall of the second part fo the duodenum in the ampulla of vater
120
Nerve supply of bile ducts
Sympathetic and parasympathetic vagal fibres from coeliac plexus
121
Referred pain from the bile ducts is felt
Right upper quadrant or epigastrium T7, T8, T9
122
The portal vein is a continuation of
the superior mesenteric and splenic vein
123
5 sites of portosystemic anastamosis
``` Lower third of the oesophagus - oesophageal varices Paraumbilical area - caput medusa Upper end of anal canal - haemorrhoids Retroperitoneal Bare area of liver ```
124
Exocrine function of pancreas
``` Pancreatic juice excretes into duodenum containing amylase lipase trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen Peptidases Bicarbonate ions Sodium ions Water ```
125
Endocrine function of pancreas
Insulin from beta cells Glucagon from alpha cells Somatostatin from delta cells Pancreatic polypeptide from F cells
126
Anatomical divisions of the pancreas
Head Neck Body Tail
127
Relations of the head of the pancreas
lies in a c shape cavity in the duodenum
128
Relations of the neck of the pancreas
in front of the portal vein and origin of sma
129
Relations of the body of the pancreas
passes up and left forming part of stomach bed
130
Relations of the tail of the pancreas
in contact with hilum of spleen
131
Blood supply of the pancreas
Splenic artery | Pancreaticoduodenal artery
132
Venous drainage of the pancreas
to the portal vein
133
Lymph drainage of the pancreas
Nodes along the arteries and then to coeliac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes
134
Innervation of the pancreas
sympathetic and parasympathetic vagal nerve fibres. Pain refers to T6-T10
135
Functions of the spleen
Filtering blood - macrophages remove cellular and non-cellular material Haemopoiesis - in foetus and if demand exceeds marrow capacity Immune - antigen recognition Opsonisation Protection from infection Iron reutilisation
136
Surface markings of spleen
LUQ Under ribs 9-11 Pathologically extends down and medially
137
Origin of psoas
Transverse processes, bodies and intervertebral discs of T12, L1-L5
138
Insertion of psoas
Lesser trochanter of femur
139
Innervation of psoas
Lumbar plexus
140
Action of psoas
Flexes thigh on trunk | If thigh is fixed, flexes trunk on thigh (sitting up)
141
Origin of quadratus lumborum
Iliolumbar ligament Iliac crest Transverse process of lower lumbar vertebrae
142
Insertion of quadratus lumborum
12th rib
143
Actions of quadratus lumborum
Fixes 12th rib during inspiration Depresses 12th rib in forced expiration Laterally flexes vertebral coloumn
144
Innervation of quadratus lumborum
Lumbar plexus
145
Actions of iliacus
Flexes thigh on trunk | If thigh is fixed, flexes trunk on thigh (sitting up)
146
Innervation of iliacus
Femoral nerve
147
Iliopsoas and quadratus lumborum is covered by a thick fascia derived from
lumbar fascia
148
Surface markings of aorta. Bifurcates at
L4
149
Branches of the aorta
Single ventral gut Paired visceral Paired wall
150
IVC surface markings
Lies to the right of aorta Formed by the union of the common iliac veins at L5 Pierces the diaphragm at T8
151
Tributaries of IVC
``` External iliac Lumbar Gonadal Renal Hepatic ```
152
Lumbar plexus nerves - Iliohypogastric nerve
``` L1 External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Skin of lower anterior abdominal wall and buttock ```
153
Lumbar plexus - Ilioinguinal nerve
``` L1 External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Skin of upper medial aspect of thigh Root of penis/scrotum Mons pubis/Labia majorum ```
154
Lumbar plexus nerves - Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
L2/L3 | Skin of anterior and lateral thigh
155
Lumbar plexus nerves - Genitofemoral nerve
L1/L2 Cremaster muscle Cremasteric reflex Skin of anterior surface of thigh
156
Lumbar plexus nerves - femoral nerve
``` L2/L3/L4 Iliacus Pectineus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris Skin of anterior surface of thigh Skin of medial side of leg and foot Branches to hip and knee joints ```
157
Preaortic lymph nodes
Coeliac Superior mesenteric Inferior mesenteric
158
Preaortic lymph nodes drain
GI tract from lower third oesophagus to halfway down anal canal Spleen Pancreas Gall bladder, greater part of liver
159
Para-aortic lymph nodes drain
``` Kidneys Adrenals Testes/ovaries Uterine tubes Fundus of uterus Deep abdominal wall Common iliac nodes ```
160
With normal respiration kidneys move down by
2.5cm
161
Surface anatomy of the kidney
Spine of T12 to spine of L3. | Hila at L1
162
The kidney relations
Retroperitoneal Directly under the diaphragm Lie on psoas, quadratus lumborum, origin of transversus abdominis
163
Coverings of the kidney deep to superficial
Fibrous capsule Perirenal fat Renal fascia Pararenal fat
164
Renal fascia in disease
An abscess burting traps pus in the renal fascia causing a tender mass, slow in onset. The renal fascia is continuous with transversalis fascia
165
Explain renal arterial blood supply
Renal arteries come off the aorta at L2. Divide into Posterior and anterior branches Branches divide into 5 segments, each supplying different segments of the kidney Lobar arteries>interlobar aryeries> arcuate arteries which are umbrella spokes between the medulla and cortex
166
Lymph drainage of the kidneys
follows the renal artery to drain into para-aortic and lumbar lymph nodes
167
Nerve supply to the kidney
Coeliac plexus Sympathetic trunk Spinal nerves
168
Renal colic pain
Renal pelvis and ureter have afferent nerves that run T11-L2. Pain can be felt in loin, groin, flank, scrotum, testes, labium majora, or front of thigh from genitofemoral nerve
169
Kidney structure
Outer cortex Inner medulla Medulla contains 12 pyramids (base in cortex apex faces medially) Pyramids indent to 12 minor calyces, uniting to 2-3 major calyces which form the renal pelvis Renal pelvis is continuous with the ureter
170
Structure of the nephron
Afferent arteriole feeds a capillary network called the glomerulus which invaginates into Bowman's capsule. Drained by an efferent arteriole.
171
Absorption in the loop of henle
The loop of Henle allows sodium, water and chloride to be reabsorbed in the descending limb and sodium and chloride to be reabsorbed in the ascending limb.
172
Where are renin secreting cells
Juxtoglomerular cells in the walls of the afferent arterioles
173
Course of ureters
Out from the kidney down psoas along the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae Enters the pelvis crossing the bifurcation of the common iliac artery in front of the sacroiliac joint Runs down the lateral wall of the pelvis to the level of the ischial spine where it turns medially to enter the bladder
174
Significance of ureters in appendectomies
Right ureter can be adhered to the appendix if it has perforated and so is at risk in surgery.
175
Bladder capacity
500 ml
176
Bladder location when full and empty
Empty - behind symphysis pubis, entirely in pelvis | Full - superior border rises up tot he hypogastric region
177
Structure of the bladder
Apex Base - superolateral angles are joined by ureters Inferolateral Superior surface
178
Control of micturation
Reflex when volume >300ml Afferent impulses pass up pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-4 and via hypogastric plexus to L1-2 causing a desire to micturate. Smooth muscle contracts, bladder sphincter relaxes. Urethral sphincter receives efferent impulses from S2-4 pudendal nerve and relaxes
179
Spinal injury and bladder control - Spinal shock
``` Atonic bladder - wall relaxes, bladder sphincter contracts urethral sphincter relaxes bladder becomes distended and overflows Lasts days to weeks ```
180
Cord lesion above S2-4
Automatic reflex - Bladder fills and empties as a reflex every 1-4 hours
181
Cord lesion destroying S2-4
Autonomous, no reflex control Bladder fills to capacity and overflows Constant dribbling
182
Bones of the pelvis (3)
Ilium Ischium Pubis
183
The pelvic floor can be described as
A muscular sheet
184
The rectum arises from the.... and is a continuation of the
Sigmoid colon | Mesocolon
185
Felt on a PR exam to the posterior
Coccyx
186
Felt on a PR exam to the anterior
Prostate | Cervix
187
What is the anorectal junction
Where muscles give way to sphincters supported by puborectalis
188
What separates the prostate and the rectum and prevents local spread of carcinoma
The rectovesical fascia
189
Sympathetic nerve supply of rectum and anus (2)
Branches of the hypogastric and coeliac plexus
190
Parasympathetic nerve supply of rectum and anus
S2-4 Pelvic splanchnic nerves
191
What is the anal canal
The last 4cm of the ailmentary tract
192
Lymph drainage of rectum and anus
Pararectal nodes then along branches of the arteries Upper and middle section to inferior mesenteric nodes. Lower part and anus to internal iliac
193
Anal skin sensation is supplied by
S5, S4, S3 in concentric circles
194
Anal tone is supplied by
S2-4
195
Size of the normal adult prostate
3cm | 20g
196
Superior relation of the prostate
Neck of the bladder
197
Inferior relation of the prostate
Urogenital diaphragm
198
Anterior relation of the prostate
Symphysis pubis
199
Posterior relation of the prostate
Rectum
200
Lobes of the prostate (5)
``` Anterior Middle Posterior Right lateral Left lateral ```
201
Anatomical basis of prostate hypertrophy
In BPH the middle lobe enlarges upwards, encroaching on the bladder sphincter because it has the most glandular tissue Malignancy occurs in the peripheries, limited by the prostatic capsule
202
Lymph drainage of prostate (4)
Internal/external iliac Sacral Vesical
203
Parts of the uterus (3)
Fundus Body Cervix
204
Anterior to the uterus
Bladder Uterovesical pouch Cervix
205
Posterior to the uterus
Rectouterine pouch of douglas
206
Lateral relations to the uterus
Broad ligament/uterine vessels Ureter Fallopian tubes
207
Divisions of uterine tubes
Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus
208
Sites of ectopic pregnancies
97% uterine tunbe 75% ampulla 25% isthmus 3% intar-abdominally - ovary or cervix
209
Uterus blood supply
Uterine artery ( a branch of the internal iliac), running in the broad ligament. Runs anterior and superior to ureter to reach the uterus at the level os the internal os. Ascends up the lateral side of the body of the uterus before turning laterally and inferiorly to anastomose with the ovarian artery
210
Innervation of the uterus and fallopian tubes
Inferior hypogastric plexus
211
Innervation of the ovary
Aortic plexus T10-T11 Inferior hypogastric plexus
212
Referred pain from the ovary can be felt
Paraumbilically or to the thigh (presses on the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh)
213
Blood supply of the ovary
Ovarian artery - a branch of the aorta
214
Lymph drainage of the ovary
Follows the ovarian artery to para-aortic nodes
215
Location of ovary
4x2cm lying against the lateral wall of the pelvis int he ovarian fossa
216
Size of the vagina
7-8cm long
217
Anterior relations of the vagina (2)
Base of bladder | Urethra
218
Posterior relations of vagina (4)
Rectouterine pouch of douglas Anterior wall of rectum Perineal body Anal canal
219
Superior relations of vagina (1)
Ureter
220
Lateral relations of vagina (2)
Levator ani muscles | Pelvic fascia
221
Structures palpable on digital vaginal examination (4)
Cervix Uterus Adnexae Vaginal walls
222
Length of the male urethra
20 cm
223
Divisions of the male urethera
Prostatic - widest part Membranous - narrows at the bladder neck Spongy
224
Innervation of the scrotum
L1, S2, S3
225
Lymph drainage of the scrotum
Medial group of superficial inguinal ymph nodes
226
Innervation of the penis
S2
227
Cross section of the penis
2 corpus cavernosum side by side, enclosing deep arteries. Below is corpus spongiosum enclosing urethra. Above is deep dorsal vein, lateral superficial veins, superficial dorsal veins and dorsal artery and nerve.
228
Branches of sciatic nerve
Tibial | Common peroneal
229
Branches of the common peroneal nerve
``` Genicular branch Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf Sural communicationg branch Superficial peroneal nerve Deep peroneal nerve ```

FRCEM Primary (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions