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Anatomy And Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

Make up of the central nervous system

A

Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Make up of the peripheral nervous system

A

12 pairs cranial nerves
31 pairs spinal nerves
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Innervates voluntary muscle

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4
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Innervate visceral smooth muscle

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5
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Also called the cortex of cerebellum the hemispheres are:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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6
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Personality
IQ
Judgement
Attention Span
Moral/ Ethical Behavior
Long term memory
Voluntary movement
Motor speech
Inhibition

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7
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Sensory interpretation
Calculation
Right/Left discrimination
Proprioception
Sensory speech

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8
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Interpretation of sounds
Integration of taste and smell
Short term memory
Seizure focus

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9
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Primary visual cortex
Visual interpretation

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10
Q

Basal ganglia structures

A

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Subthalmic nucleus
Globus pallidus

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11
Q

Role of the basal ganglia

A

Integration of movement

Sometimes referred to as the extra pyramidal motor system

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12
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

Growth stimulating hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Leutinizing hormone
Prolactin

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13
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Anti-diuretic hormone
Oxytocin

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14
Q

What is the optic chiasm part of?

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A

Reflexive control of muscle tone
Coordination
Equilibrium

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16
Q

Reticular activating system/ RAS

A

Located between the midbrain and medulla

Controls arousal/wakefulness

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17
Q

List the cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Acoustic
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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18
Q

Cranial nerves located in the cerebral hemispheres

A

1 and 2

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19
Q

Cranial nerves located in the midbrain

A

3 and 4

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20
Q

Cranial nerves located in the Pons

A

5 through 8

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21
Q

Cranial nerves located in the medulla

A

9 through 12

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22
Q

Most common errors in neuro assessments

A

Inadequate baseline
Failure to recognize cues
Failure to recognize the significance of clues
Failure to go up the chain

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23
Q

Stimulus chain

A

Voice
Shout
Shake
Pain

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24
Q

Level of consciousness

A

Most sensitive indicator of chance
Components include wakefulness (RAS) and awareness (frontal)

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25
Glasgow coma scale
Developed for assessment of consciousness in patients with head injury
26
Critical scores for the Glasgow coma scale
8- critical severity Less than or equal to 8 six hours after injury- 50% mortality rate 9-11 moderate severity 12 and up minor injury
27
Lethargy
Slowness in movement, speech, and thought processes
28
Obtundation
Arousable to stimulation Appears drowsy, few words, simple commands
29
Stupor
Minimal spontaneous movement Eye opening or incomprehensible sounds to painful stimuli No response without stimulation
30
Motor dysphasia
Also called expressive or non-fluent dysphasia Frontal lobe Defects in use of spoken word
31
Sensory dysphasia
Also called receptive or fluent dysphasia Temporal/ Parietal lobes Defect in understanding written or spoken word
32
Central pain
Used when no response to extremity pain Trapezius squeeze, supraorbital pressure, or submandibular pressure
33
Weber
Tuning for in middle of head Conductive hearing loss- lateralization to deaf ear Sensorineural hearing loss- lateralization to good ear
34
Rinne
Tuning for to mastoid and time until sound no longer heard. Move to ear and time again. Air : Bone Normal- 2:1 Conductive- bone> air Sensorineural- air > bone
35
Assess cranial nerve I
Olfactory Check for mucus, obstruction, or inflammation One nostril at a time Use non-irritating stimulants such as coffee or soap
36
Assess cranial nerve II
Optic nerve Acuity Visual fields Pupils
37
Assess cranial nerve III
Oculomotor nerve Pupil construction Follow finger with eye Lids should not dip to top of iris
38
Assess cranial nerve IV
Trochlear Ability to move eyes down and in
39
Assess cranial nerve V
Trigeminal Sensation on zones of face Stroke cornea with cotton swab. Eye should close Masseter and temporal muscle tone with jaw clenched
40
Assess cranial nerve VI
Abducens Ability to move eyes direct laterally (to outward side)
41
Assess cranial nerve VII
Facial Close lid, wrinkle brow, raise eyebrows, wiggle nose, pucker, show teeth, smile, puff out cheeks
42
Assess cranial nerve VIII
Acoustic Balance Assess hearing by rubbing or tapping fingers by ears Weber and Rhine tests
43
Assess cranial nerves IX and X
Glossopharyngeal/ Vagus Touch each side of palate and watch for prompt bilateral elevation Check uvula is midline Palate generated sounds ex: ”ka”/ “ga” Ask patient to speak
44
Assess cranial nerve XI
Spinal accessory nerve Turn chin against examiners hand and resist Elevate both shoulders against examiner’s hands
45
Assess cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal Ask patient to stick out tongue and note any deviation Ask pt to push tongue against cheeks against examiners hand Tongue generated sounds ex: “la”
46
Anatomy of spinal column
33 vertebrae 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal Intervertebral discs between vertebrae Connecting ligaments
47
Purpose of the spinal column
Provide basic structural support Protect the spinal cord
48
Spinal nerves locations and root types
31 spinal cord segments 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots Ventral/ Anterior root= motor Dorsal/ Posterior root= sensory
49
Spinal cord basics
Begins at the foramen magnum Comprised to white matter (nerve cell bodies) and gray matter (tracts)
50
Nerve cell bodies of the spinal cord
Butterfly shaped gray matter Ventral/anterior horns are entry point for motor information to CNS Dorsal/ posterior horns are entry point for sensory information to CNS
51
Spinal tracts
Myelin coated white matter Motor and sensory tracts
52
5 major motor tracts and purpose
Corticospinal- voluntary movement medically to lateral=arms to legs Rubrospinal Reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Tectospinal All 4 assist with reflexes, posture, and tone
53
4 major sensory tracts and purpose
Spinothalmic- pain touch and temperature input immediately cross over Posterior Columns- proprioceptipn and vibrationipsilateral Spinocerebellar- unconscious proprioception Spinoreticular- deep pain
54
Spinal cord blood supply
Anterior spinal artery- supplies anterior two thirds Posterior spinal artery- two of them supply primarily dorsal columns
55
Myotomes
Motor fibers or each nerve that supply and receive info in a specific muscle distribution
56
C5 motor fiber muscle and how to assess it
Deltoid- pronator drift
57
How to assess motor fiber of L2-3
Hip flexion (iliopsoas)
58
Dermatomes
Sensory fibers of each nerve that supply and receive in a specific skin distribution
59
Sensory exam
Done in the different dermatomes Superficial pain-pinprick (spinothalmic) Temp with alcohol pad (spinothalmic) Proprioception- romberg test and finger tap (posterior columns) Vibration (posterior columns)
60
Supratentorial compartment
Contains the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
61
Infratentorial compartment
Contains the cerebellum, pons, medulla, and part of the midbrain
62
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum Transverse shelf-like membrane that attaches to skull
63
3 meningeal layers
Dura/ dura mater Arachnoid Pia/ pia mater
64
Dura
Thin inelastic inner layer (meningeal) and outer (periosteal) layer lining the inside of the skull and vertebral column forming a continuous membranous sac and separates the CNS and PNS
65
Epidural space
Space between the skull and dura
66
Falx cerebri
Double layer of dura that separates the left and right hemispheres
67
Falx cerebelli
Double layer of dura that separates the left and right cerebellar hemispheres
68
Tentorium cerebelli
Double layer of dura that separates the cerebellum from the cortex
69
The arachnoid layer
Thin, weblike, non vascular membrane between the dura and pia which is filled with CSF
70
Pia mater
Delicate membrane that covers the brain shielding surface vessels and exiting nerves
71
CSF pathway
Lateral ventricles Intraventricular foramen/ foramen of Monroe Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct/ Sylvian aqueduct Fourth ventricle Foramen of magendie and foramina of Luschka
72
Function of CSF
Provide buoyancy to reduce momentum and acceleration of the brain when the cranium is suddenly displaced
73
Lumbar makeup of CSF
Clear and colorless 70-180mm H2O 0-5 cells/ml Protein: 15-45mg/dL Glucose 50-75
74
Ventricular make up of CSF
Clear and colorless 79-190mm H2O 0-5 cells/ml Protein: 5-15mg/dL Nonprotein nitrogen 10-35
75
Production rate of CSF
0.357 ml/min 22 ml/hr 500 ml/day
76
Diencephalon
Composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
77
Number 1
1. Anterior cerebral artery
78
Number 2
2. Anterior communicating artery
79
Number 3
3. Middle cerebral artery
80
Number 4
4. Internal carotid artery
81
Number 5
5. Posterior communicating artery
82
Number 6
6. Posterior cerebral artery
83
Number 7
7. Superior cerebellar artery
84
Number 8
8. Basilar artery
85
Number 9
9. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
86
Number 10
10. Vertebral artery
87
Number 11
11. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
88
Number 12
12. Anterior spinal artery
89
C5 and 6 muscle group and how to assess
Bicep- elbow flexion
90
C6 and 7 muscle group and how to assess it
Tricep- elbow extension
91
C8 muscle group and how to assess
Fingers - flexion of fingers
92
T1 motor fiber muscle group and how to assess
Fingers- finger extension and abduction
93
How to assess muscle fiber group L2-4
Hip adduction
94
How to assess muscle fiber group L4-S1
Hip abduction

Neurosciences (5 decks)

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