anatomy and biomechanics

Question 1

Where do most bony tissues arise in the foot?

Answer 1

Base of the 5th digit

Question 2

What are the functions of the sesamoid bones in the foot?

Answer 2

• protect the 1st MTP during walking/running
• act as a gulley for the FHL tendon (pulls the toe into PF)

Question 3

What ligaments are important for tibialis posterior/pes planus problems?

Answer 3

spring ligament and deltoid ligaments

Question 4

What are the deltoid ligaments?

Answer 4

Anterior/posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal
Tibionavicular

Question 5

What ligament(s) of the ankle are rarely torn with trauma?

Answer 5

deltoid ligaments

Question 6

What tendons travel down the medial column of the ankle?

Answer 6

FDL
TA/TP
FHL

Question 7

The most common type of ankle sprain is caused by excessive (inversion/eversion)

Answer 7

inversion

Question 8

Who is most likely to present with flat feet?

Answer 8

People who are overweight

Question 9

(true/flase) peronal tendons can be inflamed by orthotics that rub on them.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

A muscle produces the most power in what position?

Answer 10

Slightly stretched (stretched enough that cross bridges form and create a pull)

Question 11

definition: the position of the calcaneus during static stance

Answer 11

resting calcaneal stance

Question 12

What is a common site of pain in the foot? Why?

Answer 12

plantar aponeurosis because the plantar artery and nerve are irritated with plantar fasciitis

Question 13

What portion of the plantar aponeurosis is thickest?

Answer 13

central portion

Question 14

Where does the central portion of the plantar aponeurosis divide?

Answer 14

Divides near the heads of the metatarsals and travel up each digit (5 branches)

Question 15

The ____ stratum of the central plantar aponeurosis divides into two slips which embrace the side of the Flexor tendons of the toes, and blend with the sheaths of the tendons, and with the transverse metatarsal ligament, thus forming a series of arches through which the tendons of the short and long Flexors pass to the toes

Answer 15

deeper stratum of the central plantar aponeurosis

Question 16

What are the portions of the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 16

medial, lateral, central

Question 17

What does the lateral portion of the plantar aponeurosis cover?

Answer 17

Covers the under surface of the abductor digiti quinti (thin in FRONT and thick BEHIND)

Question 18

What does the medial portion of the plantar aponeurosis cover?

Answer 18

Under surface of the abductor hallucis (thin)

Question 19

What muscles make up the most superficial layer of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles?

Answer 19

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti quinti

Question 20

What muscles make up the second layer of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles?

Answer 20

Quadratus plantæ
Lumbricals

Question 21

What muscles make up the third layer of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles?

Answer 21

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti quinti brevis

Question 22

What muscles are the first digit of the foot are most commonly secondary problems?

Answer 22

Abductors

Question 23

The tibialis posterior stabilizes the (medial/lateral) column ECCENTRICALLY and ISOMETRICALLY from heel contact through foot flat.

Answer 23

medial

Question 24

The tibialis posterior contracts CONCENTRICALLY to assist in what?

Answer 24

Contracts concentrically to assist in lifting the medial longitudinal arch and navicular bone at late stance to heel off.

Question 25

What muscle provides the medial pull that assists in creating the forefoot transverse arch?

Answer 25

tibialis posterior

Question 26

What does the FHL do?

Answer 26

FLX and PF

Question 27

What creates the lateral pull that stabilizes the forefoot transverse arch?

Answer 27

peroneal muscles

Question 28

What is the primary plantar flexor?

Answer 28

triceps surae NEEDS the medial/lateral column balance to function

Question 29

What is the order of examining the foot biomechanically?

Answer 29

1. standing 2. walking 3. sitting 4. supine 5. prone

Question 30

What is the key to biomechanical assessment?

Answer 30

resting calcaneal stance

Question 31

(true/false) there is a normal arch height.

Answer 31

false

Question 32

If a person has a forefoot varus, what are the points of contact?

Answer 32

calcaneus 5th MT 1st MT

Question 33

What does the coleman block test look for?

Answer 33

valgus forefoot

Question 34

What are more collaginous (ligaments/tendons)?

Answer 34

ligaments

Question 35

Too Many toes sign on the right side of the ankle during static stance is an indication of foot (varus/valgus).

Answer 35

valgus

Question 36

(true/false) Most back pain patients will not present to the clinic with their first bout of back pain

Answer 36

true

Question 37

During what exam is the navicular drop test used (when needed)?

Answer 37

standing exam/ medial side

Question 38

definition: when the second toe looks longer than the first.

Answer 38

morton's toe

Question 39

How much pressure is needed to occulde an artery?

Answer 39

40 mmHg

Question 40

description: hyperextension of the knee seen in the sagittal plane

Answer 40

genu recurvatum

Question 41

If a person's arch does not move when standing and/or they cannot flex their toes... what is indicated?

Answer 41

Extensor tendon problem

Question 42

What does it mean if a person has hip/knee collapse during a squat exam?

Answer 42

gluteal, hip ER/ABD deficit

Question 43

Is hip/knee collapse more common in men or women? Why?

Answer 43

Women because they have a larger Q-angle.

Question 44

definiton: normal center of pressure line during gait

Answer 44

S-curve

Question 45

Heel strike collision with the ground creates (significant/non-significant) impact transient/force.

Answer 45

significant

Question 46

forefoot strike collision with the ground creates (significant/non-significant) impact transient/force.

Answer 46

non-significant

Question 47

Triceps surae tightness can lead to ankle DF being < ___ degrees

Answer 47

< 10 degrees

Question 48

What is common in toes due to abnormal toe positioning?

Answer 48

capsulitis

Question 49

definition: bony abnormality on the posterior calcaneus

Answer 49

haglund's deformity

Question 50

Calluses are a result of ___ and/or ___.

Answer 50

pressure and/or friction

Question 51

What are common areas of intractable plantar keratosis calluses?

Answer 51

ball of the foot heel around great toe

Question 52

Those with intractable plantar keratosis have a (short/long) achille's tendon.

Answer 52

short

Question 53

What are the most common locations for plantar warts?

Answer 53

soles of the feet (WB areas)

Question 54

Why should a person not shave down a plantar wart?

Answer 54

it is highly vascular (red/black dots)