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anatomy and cells Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

The branch of science that explains the structure of thebody Examines the form and how it is organized

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The branch of science that explains the function of the body
Examines what the body does and how it does it

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3
Q

Levels of Organization

A

Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
CellTissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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4
Q

movement

A

change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ

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5
Q

responsiveness

A

reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body

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6
Q

growth

A

increase in body size without changing shape

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7
Q

respiration

A

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods

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8
Q

reproduction

A

production of new organisms and new cells

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9
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

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10
Q

absorption

A

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

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11
Q

circulation

A

movement of substances from place to place in body fluids

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12
Q

assimilation

A

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

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13
Q

excretion

A

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

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14
Q

Requirements for Life

A

Water Foods Oxygen Heat Pressure

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15
Q

Superior

A

above or closer to the head

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16
Q

inferior

A

below or closer to the feet

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17
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front

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18
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back

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19
Q

medial

A

toward the middle or mid-line

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20
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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21
Q

proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment

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22
Q

distal

A

farther from a point of attachment

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23
Q

superficial

A

near the surface

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24
Q

deep

A

more internal

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25
sagittal
division to create a left and right side
26
transverse
division to create a superior and inferior portion
27
coronal
division to create an anterior and posterior portion
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upper right ab region
right hypochondriac
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upper mid ab region
epigastric region
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upper left ab region
left hypochondriac
31
mid right ab region
right lumbar
32
mid ab region
umbilical region
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mid left ab region
left lumber
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bottom right ab region
right iliac
35
bottom mid ab region
hypogastric region
36
bottom left ab region
left iliac
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body covering
Integumentary System Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Protect tissues, help regulate body temperatures, and house sensory receptors
38
support and movement
Skeletal System Bones Ligaments Cartilage Provide a framework for the body Muscular System Muscles Provide force to move body parts
39
integration and coordination
Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Nerves Sense organs Create nerve impulses that communicate throughout the body Endocrine System Glands that secrete hormones Communication for the body that occurs over a long period of time.
40
transport
Cardiovascular System Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and Blood. Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. Defend the body against infections by removing tissue fluid
41
absorption and excretion
Digestive System Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine. Break down food molecules to be absorbed Respiratory System The nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs move air in and exchange gases Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Remove waste from blood
42
reproduction
reproductive system
43
cell membrane
Thin, flexible, and selectively permeable. Composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
44
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A tubular network that transports molecules from one part of the cell to another.
45
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
46
Golgi apparatus
Refines, packages, and delivers proteins that are made on ribosomes attached to the ER
47
mitochondria
Major site of chemical reactions that transform energy into ATP molecules
48
lysosomes
Break down nutrient molecules or foreign molecules
49
microfilaments and microtubules
Threadlike strands in the cytoplasm. Help to provide cell motility and movement. Highly abundant in muscle cells
50
centrosome
Aid the cell in preparing for cellular division
51
Cilia & Flagella
Aid in cell movement Especially significant in sperm cells
52
nucleolus
Small dense body composed of RNA and protein Site where ribosomes form
53
chromatin
Loosely coiled fibers of DNA and protein
54
passive mechanisms to move through cell membrane
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
55
active mechanisms to move through cell membrane
Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis
56
diffusion
Molecules scatter from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration Concentration Gradient
57
facilitated diffusion
Uses carrier molecules to transport substances in or out of the cell. Still from a region of high concentration to low concentration. Ion channels or pores in the cell membrane
58
osmosis
Special case of diffusion when it is water molecules moving the greater the concentration of nonpermeable solute particles in a solution, the lower the water concentration of that solution and the greater the osmotic pressure
59
isotonic
same osmotic pressure as body fluid
60
hypertonic
higher osmotic pressure than body fluid (more stuff)
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hypotonic
less osmotic pressure than body fluid (less stuff)
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active transport
Moves particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. ATP energy is required. Sugars, amino acids, sodium, calcium, and hydrogen are all actively transported across cell membranes
63
stages of the cell cycle
Interphase Cell Division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
64
interphase
The period when a cell grows and prepares for division G1: cell growth S: genetic material replicates (synthesis) G2: more growth
65
prophase (prepare)
2 centriole pairs move to opposite ends of the cell. Nuclear envelope disappears
66
metaphase (middle)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
67
anaphase (apart)
The chromatids are pulled apart and separate
68
telophase (two)
Chromosomes unravel and unwind into chromatin 2 Nuclear envelopes begin to form
69
cytokinesis
divisions of the cytoplasm
70
cell differentiation
The process of specialization
71
stem cells
When they divide, they produce one stem cell and one progenitor cell
72
cell death (apoptosis)
Normal programmed cell death Sunburn peeling Webbing between fingers and toes in the womb

Anatomical Terms (2 decks)

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