Anatomy and Histology

Question 1

midclavicular, midaxillary, paravertebral border of the visceral pleura

Answer 1

6, 8, 10

Question 2

midclavicular, midaxillary, paravertebral border of the parietal pleura

Answer 2

8, 10, 12

Question 3

what is the best place to perform a pleurocentesis

Answer 3

posterior - 7th,8th, or 9th intercostal spaces

Question 4

what is a pancoast tumor

Answer 4

A tumor growing in the superior pulmonary sulcus

Question 5

where are the pulmonary veins located in relation to the other structures of the hilum

Answer 5

inferior

Question 6

how long is the trachea

Answer 6

10-11 cm

Question 7

what is another name of the secondary bronchi

Answer 7

lobar

Question 8

what is the majority of the epithelium of the larynx

Answer 8

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 9

what epithelium is covering the vocal folds

Answer 9

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 10

what is special about the LP of the epiglottis and saccules

Answer 10

they contain seromucous glands to keep the stratified squamous epithelium moist

Question 11

what are the cell types of the trachea and bronchi

Answer 11

1. ciliated columnar cells
2. goblet cells
3. brush cells
4. basal cells
5. neuroendocrine cells
6. intraepithelial lymphocytes
7. mast cells
8. metaplasia

Question 12

is a thick basement membrane in the trachea normal?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

where are smooth muscle bundles found in the intrapulmonary bronchi?

Answer 13

between the LP and submucosa

Question 14

what do seromucous glands secrete?

Answer 14

1. mucins
2. bacteriostatic substances: lactoferrin, lysozyme
3. IgA
4. protease inhibitors

Question 15

What is normal and chronic bronchitis of the Reid Index

Answer 15

Normal 0.5

Question 16

75% of cancers originate in which part of the lung

Answer 16

1st, 2nd, 3rd order

Question 17

describe the cell type of the bronchioles

Answer 17

1. pseudostrat ciliated columnar –> simple columnar epi –> progresssively becomes simple cuboidal (remain ciliated)
2. goblet cells (not in the small bronchioles)
3. Club cells (terminal and respiratory bronchioles)
4. Brush cells ( in the large bronchioles)

Question 18

What are not included in the lining of the bronchioles?

Answer 18

submucosa and cartilage

Question 19

describe the changes that occur in asthma

Answer 19

increased: mucus, thickness of basal lamina, lamina propria thickness due to inflammatory cells, smooth muscle thickness, glands in submucosa

Question 20

describe the histology of the respiratory surface

Answer 20

1. Club cells (both terminal and respiratory bronchioles)

2. thin-walled alveoli, alveolar sacs and ducts

Question 21

describe type I alveolar cells

Answer 21

• simple squamous
• connected by tight junctions
• not capable of cell division

Question 22

describe type II alveolar cells

Answer 22

• cuboidal w/ short apical microvilli
• connected to type I through tight junctions
• LAMELLAR BODIES!! –> surfactant
• stem cells of the alveoli
• secrete small amnts of alpha anti trypsin

Question 23

where are heart failure cells found?

Answer 23

in the sputum

Question 24

what cells make up the gas-blood barrier

Answer 24

1. type I pneumocytes w/ surfactant
2. basal lamina + capillary
3. endo of capillary

Question 25

what is found in the interalveolar septum

Answer 25

capillary, type III collagen, elastic fibers

Question 26

what blood vessels supplies the lung parenchyma

Answer 26

bronchial artery

Question 27

what are the 2 venous circulations of the lung

Answer 27

pulmonary and bronchial