Anatomy and Histology of Urinary System

Question 1

What makes up the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Question 2

Functions of the kidneys

Answer 2

Removes metabolic waste from the blood by filtration and excretion
Regulates BP (by renin angiotensin mechanism)
Regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes
Helps to stabilise pH
Conserves valuable nutrients
Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides)
Produces erythropoietin

Question 3

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 3

A stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow

Question 4

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 4

Nephron

Question 5

What makes up a nephron?

Answer 5

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

Question 6

What makes up a uriniferous tubule?

Answer 6

Nephron and collecting duct

Question 7

What makes up renal corpuscules?

Answer 7

Glomerulus and bowens capsule

Question 8

Two parts of the kidney

Answer 8

Cortex

Medulla

Question 9

What is found in the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 9

Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubules (cuboidal and microvilli)
Distal convoluted tubules (cuboidal)
Collecting tubule (cuboidal)

Question 10

What is found in the medulla of the kidney?

Answer 10

Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle (thin segment; squamous epithelium)

Question 11

Epithelium of the ureter

Answer 11

Transitional epithelium

Question 12

Shape of the ureters lumen

Answer 12

Star shaped

Question 13

Muscle of the ureter

Answer 13

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Outer circular smooth muscle

Question 14

What is an important marker of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 14

High protein (albumin) level in urine
GFR by serum creatinine

Question 15

What does GFR stand for?

Answer 15

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 16

Where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 16

T12 - L3

Question 17

Peritonisation of the kidneys

Answer 17

Partly peritonised

Question 18

Which kidney is lower and why is this?

Answer 18

Right

Due to liver

Question 19

Layers of the capsule and fascia of the kidney

Answer 19

1. Kidney
2. Renal capsule
3. Perirenal fat
4. Renal fascia
5. Pararenal fat

Question 20

Where is the perirenal fat found?

Answer 20

Between renal capsule and renal fascia

Question 21

Where is the pararenal fat found?

Answer 21

Outside of the renal fascia

Question 22

From medulla to ureter, what are the structures?

Answer 22

Medulla -> pyramid -> papilla -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> pelvis -> ureter

Question 23

Natural constrictions of the ureter

Answer 23

Passes over the inferior renal pole
Passes behind testicular or ovarian vessels
Crosses over external iliac vessels
Transverses the bladder wall

Question 24

Order of the vessels in the kidneys anterior to posterior

Answer 24

VAP

• vein
• artery
• pelvis

Question 25

What are the renal arteries a branch of?

Answer 25

Abdominal aorta

Question 26

How many renal arteries do you have?

Answer 26

1 on each side

Question 27

Branches of each renal artery

Answer 27

Segmental (5x) Interlobar (supply each nephron) Arcuate (pass around circumference)

Question 28

How many renal veins do you have?

Answer 28

1 on each side

Question 29

Where do the renal arteries drain to?

Answer 29

IVC

Question 30

Lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

Answer 30

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

Question 31

Nerve supply to the kidneys

Answer 31

Renal plexus - sympathetic T10 - L1 - sensory afferent

Question 32

What is the trigone and where is it found?

Answer 32

Smooth triangle of the bladder

Question 33

Function of the rugae of the bladder

Answer 33

Allows the bladder to extend to large volumes

Question 34

Where does the median umbilical ligament come from?

Answer 34

Embryonic urachus

Question 35

What surface of the bladder is peritonised?

Answer 35

Superior

Question 36

Arterial supply to bladder

Answer 36

Branches of internal iliac arteries

Question 37

Venous drainage of bladder

Answer 37

Tributaries of the internal iliac veins

Question 38

Lymphatic supply of bladder

Answer 38

External iliac to the suprapubic part | Internal iliac to the infrapubic part

Question 39

Nerve supply of the bladder

Answer 39

Sympathetic T11-L2 (constrict internal urethral sphincter) Parasympathetic S2-S4 (motor to detrusor muscles) Afferent/sensory and pain and distention - parasympathetic fibres mainly Somatic; pudendal nerve (external urethral sphincter)

Question 40

Parts of the male urethra

Answer 40

1. Pre-prostatic / intramural 2. Prostatic 3. Membranous / intermediate 4. Spongey / penile

Question 41

What is found in the deep perineal pouch?

Answer 41

External urethral sphincter | Bulbourethral gland/duct

Question 42

What type of muscle is found in the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 42

Skeletal muscle

Question 43

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

Answer 43

Membranous

Question 44

What is the widest part of the male urethra?

Answer 44

Prostatic

Question 45

What is the longest part of the male urethra?

Answer 45

Spongey