Anatomy and movement analysis Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton (5)
Support Protection Movement Blood production Mineral storage
Two skeletons
Axial skeleton - vertebral column, rib cage and cranium which provide support for:
Appendicular skeleton- shoulder, hip girdle, arms and legs
Five types of bone
Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid
Long bones
Cylindrical shape, in limbs act as levers
E.g fémur, radius,, tibia, fibula
Short bones
Compact shape. Weight bearing.
E.g tarsals, carpals, phalanges
Irregular bones
Complex shape for protection and multiple muscle attachments.
E.g vertebrae
Flat bones
Smooth even surface to protect vital organs
E.g ribs, cranium
Sesamoid bones
Small oval within tendons to prevent injury
E.g patella
3 types of soft tissue
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
What are ligaments
Strong fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone. Stabilises joint to allow specific movements.
What are tendons
Strong elastic tissue made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone. Transmita force to cause movements.
What is cartilage
Firm, resilient matrix of connective tissue with no blood supply.
3 types of cartilage
Yellow elastic cartilage- pliable, flexible (ears, nose)
White fibrocartilage - tough, thick tissue acting as shock absorber (knee meniscus and invertebral column)
Articular (hyaline) cartilage- surrounds surface of articulating bones to prevent friction at joint. Exercise thickens articular cartilage.
3 types of joint
Fibrous (fixed) - very stable, not allow movement (cranium)
Cartilaginous - rigid but slightly movable (vertebrae)
Synovial - allow wide range of movement (knee, shoulder, elbow)
Types of synovial joint
- Hinge- uniaxial structure- movement back and forwards (elbow)
- Pivot- uniaxial- rotation (atlas and axis in neck)
- Ellipsoid/Condyloid - biaxial - back and forth and side to side (wrist)
- gliding - biaxial - (tarsals (thumb))
- saddle - biaxial - (thumb)
- ball and socket - triaxial structure - side to side, forwards and back and rotation (shoulder, hip)
Functions of skeletal muscle
Movement
Support
Posture (muscle tone)
Heat production
Origin, insertion points
Origin is the end of the muscle that attach to fixed bone.
Insertion point is the other end which pulls on a different bone to cause movement.
Muscle pairs
Agonist = muscle that contracts to allow movement.
Antagonist = muscle that relaxes to allow movement.
Synergist = muscle that aids agonist
Fixators = muscles that stabilise joint in movement
Types of muscle contractions
Concentric isotonic - muscle shortens under tension.
Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens under tension. Generally when movement is down/body is fighting gravity.
Isometric contraction - muscle remains same length. Stationary.
Planes and axis pairs and corresponding movements
Frontal plane + frontal axis - abduction/adduction
Sagittal plane + transverse axis - flexión/extension
Transverse plane + Longitudinal axis - horizontal abduction/adduction
Levers
Produce a turning movement around a fixed point.
1,2,3 F,L,E
1st class levers
Fulcrum in middle
Good for producing speed
2nd class levers
Resistance in the middle
Generate great force
3rd class levers
Effort in middle
Producing a wide range of movement
