Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is the left atrioventricular valve in the heart called?
A
Mitral valve (Bicuspid)
2
Q
What is the right atrioventricular valve in the heart called?
A
Tricuspid valve
3
Q
What is the normal resp rate for canines?
A
10-30 breaths
4
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for canines?
A
70-140 beats/minutes
5
Q
What is the normal temperature range for canines?
A
38.3 - 39.2 °C
6
Q
What is the normal resp rate for felines?
A
20-30 breaths/minute
7
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for felines?
A
100-200 beats/minute
8
Q
What is the normal temperature range for felines?
A
38.2 - 38.6°C
9
Q
What is the normal resp rate for rabbits?
A
30-60 breaths/minute
10
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for rabbits?
A
130-325 beats/minute
11
Q
What is the normal temperature range for rabbits?
A
38.5 - 40°C
12
Q
What is the normal urine output for rabbits?
A
12-24ml/kg/day
0.5-1ml/kg/hour
13
Q
What is the normal urine output for canines and felines?
A
24-48ml/kg/day
1-2ml/kg/hour
14
Q
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
A
- pumps blood around body
- oxygen/nutrient reach muscles/organs
- waste products can be expelled from the body
- regulate body fluids and temp
15
Q
What is the correct term for a platelet?
A
Thrombocyte
16
Q
Which area of the heart has the thickest walls?
A
Left ventricle
- to pump blood around whole body
17
Q
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
A
Anti-diuretic hormone
Oxytocin
18
Q
What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?
A
Follicle stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Luteinising hormone Interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone Prolactin Somatotropin
19
Q
Where is testosterone produced?
A
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
20
Q
What has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
A
Pancreas
21
Q
What is the gap between two neurons called?
A
Synapse
22
Q
Where does a nerve impulse enter the social cord?
A
Through dorsal root
23
Q
What is meant by the term synapse?
A
- junction between 2 neurons
- small gap a nerve impulse is transmitted across via chemical neurotransmitter
24
Q
Which glands contain ducts?
A
Exocrine glands
25
Where are ribosomes made in the cell?
Nucleolus
26
Where would transitional epithelium be found?
Bladder and uterus
27
What is the lining of the abdominal cavity called?
Peritoneum
28
What is the area that separates the two sides of the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
29
Which organelle breaks down waste products in the cell?
Lysosome
30
What are the 4 tissue types?
Epithelial - protects
Connective - binds
Muscle - moves
Nervous - conveys
31
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
Simple - 1 cell thick
| Striated/compound - many layers
32
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
33
What is skeletal muscle?
- attached to the skeleton
- assists with movement
- is voluntary, controlled by brain
- cells are cylindrical, called muscle fibres
34
What is smooth muscle?
- located in stomach, intestines, oesophagus, bladder, blood vessels, resp tract, uterus
- spindle shaped cells in sheets or bundles
- involuntart
35
What is cardiac muscle?
- only found in heart
- not voluntary
- not much connective tissue binding cells together
36
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Support - internal scaffold' body is built on
Locomotion - attachment for muscles that enable movement
Protection - protects organs and soft parts of the body
Storage - acts as a store for essential minerals calcium and phosphorus as well as organic compounds collagen
Haemopoiesis - production of red blood cells by bone marrow
37
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
38
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Front limbs and shoulder
| Hind limbs and pelvis
39
What does the splanchnic skeleton consist of?
Bones not directly attached to the rest of the skeleton (os penis)
40
What is the cranium?
The bony casing in which the brain sits
41
What is the mandible?
- lower half of the jaw
- separated into left and right halves
- provides sockets for teeth to sit in
42
What is the long and narrow skull type called?
Dolichocephalic
43
What is the short broad and flat skull type called?
Brachycephalic
44
Which skull type has changed the least from dog ancestors wolves?
Mesocephalic
45
What is the directional term for towards the rear end of the body?
Caudal
46
What is the directional term for towards the front end of the body?
Cranial
47
What is the directional term for top side (back) of the body?
Dorsal
48
What is the directional term for the underside (belly) of the body?
Ventral
49
What is the directional term for away from main body?
Distal
50
What is the directional term for close to the main body?
Proximal
51
What is the directional term for towards the nose?
Rostral
52
What is the directional term for middle of the body?
Medial
53
What is the directional term for side of the body?
Lateral
54
What is the directional term for towards the ears?
Caudal
55
What is the name for the C1 vertebra?
Atlas
56
What is the name for the C2 vertebra?
Axis
57
What is another name for caudal vertebrae?
Coccygeal vertebrae
58
What bones make up the fore limbs?
```
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
```
59
What bones make up the hind limbs?
```
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
```
60
What is the point of the elbow called?
Olecranon
61
What is the point of the hock called?
Calcaneus
62
What is the cranial end of the sternum called?
Manubrium
63
What is the caudal end of the sternum called?
Xiphoid
64
What is the name for the knee cap?
Patella
65
What is the pelvis also known as?
Os coxae
66
Which bones make up the pelvis?
- 2 hip bones fused together
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
67
What is the name for the 2 holes in the pelvis?
Obturator foramen
68
What is a serous membrane?
Continuous layer of epithelium that produces a lubricating fluid
69
What is parietal membrane?
Membrane that lines boundaries of the cavity
70
What is visceral membrane?
Membrane that covers the organs in the cavity
71
What is the function of the cell membrane?
- surrounds cell
- gives round shape
- semi-permeable to control movement of substances in + out
72
What is the function of cytoplasm?
- 80% water
- 20% fats, carbs + mineral salts
- suspends organelles
73
What is the function of the nucleus?
- largest organelle
| - information centre of the cell
74
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Produces ribosomes
75
What is the function of Chromatin?
- contains DNA
- information for protein synthesis
- instructions on how cell functions
76
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
- keeps genetic material inside
| - allowes ribosomes to enter cytoplasm
77
What is the function of mitochondria?
- responsible for cellular respiration
| - converts food energy to stored energy the cell can use
78
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesises proteins for cell growth and repair
79
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Transports proteins made by ribosomes
80
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesises + transports lipids + steroids
81
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Stores enzymes for transport out of the cell
82
What is the function of lysosomes?
Contains digestive enzymes to digest cellular material
83
What is the function of the centrosome?
- contains a pair of centrioles
| - involved in cell division
84
What is the function of the vacuole?
Storage of food, water and waste
85
What is the function of cilia?
- extensions of membrane on some cells
| - move mucus and debris
86
What is the function of the flagellum?
- usually single
- longer than cilia
- move cell along
- seen in sperm cells and bacteria
87
What are the 3 main parts of a cell?
- cell membrane
- cytoskeleton (holds structure)
- nucleus
88
What are cells continuously doing?
- grow
- specialise
- function
- die
- replenish
89
Where would simple squamous epithelial cells be found?
- areas of diffusion
- delicate areas
- lungs
90
Where would simple cuboidal epithelial cells be found?
- lining glands and their ducts
- absorb and secrete
- ovaries, thyroid gland
91
Where would simple columnar epithelial cells be found?
- stomach and intestine
| - allows absorption of nutrients
92
Where would ciliated epithelium be found?
- areas where substances need to be moved
- respiratory tract
- fallopian tubes
- always columnar
93
Where would stratified squamous epithelial cells be found?
- areas subjected to friction
| - oesophagus, mouth and vagina
94
Where would glandular epithelium be found?
- sweat glands
- mammary glands
- anal glands
- contain secretory cells
95
What are incisors?
- small pointed teeth
| - fine nibbling and grooming
96
What are canines?
- pointed + curved teeth
| - used for holding prey in mouth
97
What are premolars?
- flatter teeth
| - shearing and grinding food
98
What are molars?
- larger than premolars
| - also shearing and grinding food
99
From rostral to caudal, name the teeth found in the oral cavity.
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- carnassials
- molars
100
What is the pharynx?
- muscular tube
| - conveys food from mouth to oesophagus through deglutition (swallowing)
101
What are the stages of deglutition?
- food rolled into bolus by tongue, cheeks and teeth (mastication)
- passed to back of mouth by base of tongue
- pharageal muscles force bolus towards oesophagus
- epiglottis closes to prevent food entering respiratory tract
- wave of muscular contraction (peristalsis) pushes food down oesophagus
- epiglottis opens again to allow air into the trachea
102
What is the oesophagus?
- tube like structure runs down neck and through thoracic cavity
- enters abdominal cavity via hole in diaphragm
- enters stomach via cardia
103
What is the cardia?
Area where oesophagus enters stomach
104
What is the fundus?
Body of the stomach?
105
What is the pylorus?
Stomach narrows and food passes into small intestines
106
What are the functions of the stomach?
- food storage
- break up food and mix with gastric juices
- begin process of protein digestion
107
What do goblet cells secrete in the stomach?
Mucus to lubricate food and protect stomach wall from digestive enzymes
108
What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens
109
What do chief cells secrete in the stomach?
Pepsinogen breaks down proteins to peptides
110
What are the 3 parts of the small intestines?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
111
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?
- caecum
- colon
- rectum
112
What is the function of the small intestines?
- epithelial layer contains millions of villi to increase surface area and maximise digestive and absorptive processes
- glucose is absorbed and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
113
What is the function of the large intestine?
- shorter and wider than small intestine
- water and electrolytes are reabsorbed
- no villi or digestive glands
- more goblet cells to lubricate faecal mass
- lots of bacteria to break down remaining protein
114
What is the name for the area where the small intestine meets the large intestine?
Ileocaecal junction
115
What are the 3 parts of the colon?
- ascending
- transverse
- descending
116
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- remove waste products from body in form of urine
- regulate water and sodium levels in blood
- converts fat soluble vitamin D to water soluble
- secretes hormone erythropoietin that stimulates production of red blood cells
