Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Cephalic
A
Entire head
2
Q
Cranial
A
Skull
3
Q
Facial
A
Face
4
Q
Cervial
A
Neck
5
Q
Axillary
A
Armpits
6
Q
Brachial
A
Arm
7
Q
Anticubital
A
Front of elbow
8
Q
Antibrachial
A
Forearm
9
Q
Carpal
A
Wrist
10
Q
Palmar
A
Palm
11
Q
Pollen
A
Thumb
12
Q
Phalangeal
A
Fingers
13
Q
Femoral
A
Thigh
14
Q
Patella
A
Front of knee
15
Q
Crural
A
Shin
16
Q
Pedal
A
Foot
17
Q
Tarsal
A
Ankle
18
Q
Digital of phalangeal
A
Toes
19
Q
Dorsal
A
Top of foot
20
Q
Hallux
A
Big toe
21
Q
Eternal
A
Breast bone
22
Q
Thoracic
A
Chest
23
Q
Mammary
A
Breast
24
Q
Umbilical
A
Belly button- navel
25
Coxa
Hip
26
Inguinal
Groin
27
Manuel
Hand
28
Buccal
Cheek
29
Otic
Ear
30
Ocular
Eye
31
Occipital
Base of skull
32
Acromial
Shoulder
33
Scapular
Shoulder blade
34
Vertebral
Spinal column
35
Dorsal
Back
36
Olecranal / cubital
Back of elbow
37
Lumbar
Loin
38
Sacral
Between hips
39
Coccygeal
Tailbone
40
Gluteal
Buttocks
41
Perineal
Area between anus and genitals
42
Popliteal
Back of knee
43
Sural
Calf
44
Plantar
Sole of foot
45
Calcaneal
Heel
46
Superior
Above
47
Interior
Below
48
Medial
Closer to midline
49
Lateral
Further from midline
50
Posterior
Behind
51
Anterior
In front
52
Proximal
Closer to main body
53
Distal
Further from the main body
54
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
The purpose is to mediate the uptake of oxygen needed for metabolism and the release of carbon dioxide
55
Ventilation
The process of exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs
56
What is the first step of the respiratory system?
Air enters through the nasal openings
57
What is the second step of the respiratory system?
Air moves into the nasal cavity
58
What is the third step of the respiratory system?
Travels past the pharynx into the trachea
59
Trachea
The throat
60
What is the fourth step of the respiratory system?
The air continues into the right and left primary bronchi
61
Primary bronchi
The first division of the trachea
62
What is the fifth step of the respiratory system?
Air in the right bronchus goes to the right lung and left bronchus to left lung
63
What is the sixth step of the respiratory system?
The bronchi subdivide into bronchioles which terminate as aveolies
64
Bronchiolles
Small tubes in the lungs
65
Aveolies
Single-celled thin wall structures
65
Aveolies
Single-celled thin wall structures
66
What is the purpose of aveolies?
They are the site of gas exchange
67
What is the first step of diffusion in the lungs?
First, oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood
68
What is the second step of diffusion in the lungs?
Second, carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs
69
What is the third step of diffusion in the lungs?
Third, lungs exhale the CO2 back into the atmosphere and the system repeats
70
What is the third step in diffusion in the lungs?
Third, lungs exhale the co2 back into the atmosphere and the system repeats
71
What factors can impact the respiratory system?
Environmental factors ( air qualify, lifestyle habits) genetics (asthma, cystic fibrosis) and pathogens (Flu, tuberculosis)
72
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
To perform the functions of transporting nutrients, hormones, and wastes
73
What are the two systems within the cardiovascular system?
The closed circulatory system and the open circulatory system
74
What type of system is the closed circulatory system?
A double - loop system
75
What are the two components of the double-loop closed circulatory system?
The pulmonary system and the systemic system
76
What is the job of the systemic system in the cardiovascular system?
It carries oxygenated well blood from the left ventricle to the body as as return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
77
What is the job Is the job of the pulmonary system in the cardiovascular system?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the atrium
78
Atrium
Upper chambers of the heart
79
What is the purpose of the open circulators system?
It drains interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and fitters this through a system of lymphnodes
80
Systole contraction
Contraction of heart muscles
81
Diastole contraction
Relaxation of heart muscles
82
What is the first step of the blood cycle?
First, the blood begins in the left ventricle
83
What is the second step of the blood cycle?
Then, the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins
84
What is the third step of the blood cycle?
Then, deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium or right ventricle
85
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To digest nutrients to be absorbed and used throughout the body
86
What is the first step of the digestive system?
Food is ingested through the mouth where mechanical digestion begins
87
What is the second step of the digestive system?
Food is packaged into small parcels (bolus) and swallowed
88
What is the third step of the digestive system?
Once in the stomach digestion continues
89
What type of muscle is the stomach made up of?
Smooth muscle
90
What are the 3 main stomach secretions?
Mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen
91
Job of mucus
Lines the stomach
92
Job of hydrochionic acid
Create an acidic environment
93
Job of pepsinogen
Enzyme used to chemically break down food, converted from pepsin
94
What is the Fourth step of the digestive system?
Chyme is pushed to the small intestine
94
What is the Fourth step of the digestive system?
Chyme is pushed to the small intestine
95
Duodenum
First part of small intestine
96
Purpose of duodenum
Chyme is neutralized by the bicarbonate pancreatic secretions while also producing proteases, lactase, and bicarbonate
97
What is the purpose of villi and microvilli?
Absorb water-soluble nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals, and vitamin b12
98
What is the fifth step of the digestive system?
Blood carrying nutrients passes to the liver through the hepatic portal duct
99
Why is the hepatic portal duct important?
It allows liver enzymes to dominate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize consumed toxins, and store glucose as glycogen
100
What is the sixth step of the digestive system?
Digested material passes into the cecum and into the colon
101
Colon
Large intestine
102
What is the purpose of the colon?
Absorbs remaining salt and water from digested food and vitamin k is absorbed
103
What is the seventh step of the digestive system?
The waste accumulates in the rectum and is ejected through the anus
104
Hormones involved in digestion
Ghrelin,lepton, insulin and glucagon
105
Purpose of ghrelin
Induces hunger
106
Purpose of lepton
Causes sensation of satiety
107
Purpose of insulin
Cellular uptake of glucose
108
Purpose of glucagon
Stimulates breakdown glycogen
109
Two nervous systems within the main nervous system?
Central and peripheral
110
Parts and purpose of the central nervous system?
Made of the brain and spinal cord and is the central command for all communication and actions in the body
111
Parts and purpose of the peripheral nervous system
Contains all the nerves and ganglia which allows signals to reach the brain
112
Purpose of neuron
Transmit signals from the central nervous system
113
Afferente neurons
Send messages to the central nervous system about sensory information (touch, smell, pain)
114
Efferent neurons
Sends messages to muscles (motoric activity)
115
Autonomic
Involuntary
116
Somatic
Voluntary
117
Atomic nervous system
Controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscles
118
Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary actions involving skeletal muscle like walking, and typing
119
Skeletal system
Often attached to bone
120
Purpose of skeletal muscle
Involved in the movement of bone
121
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
Found in the heart, cannot be controlled, involuntary
122
Characteristics of smooth muscle
Found in walls of hollow organs, weakest of all muscle tissue, involuntary
123
How many muscles are named in the body?
700
124
Muscles make up _% of a persons body weight?
They make up 50%
125
Tendon
Tough bands of connective tissue that have strong collagen fibers
126
How does a tendon work
Muscles contract and shorten their length which pulls on a tendon and moves the bones closer to one another
127
Actin
Thin filaments of protein contained in muscles
128
Myosin
Thick filaments of protein contained in muscles
129
Male gametes
Sperm
130
Components of the male reproductive system
Penis, vas deferns, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, scrotum
131
Primary reproductive organ in the male reproductive system
Testes
132
Female gametes
Ova (eggs)
133
Components of female reproductive system
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, minora and labia majora, clitoris
134
Zygote
Fertilized egg
135
Endometrium
Uteran wall
136
Lh
Luteinizing hormone, testosterone increase in males
137
Fsh
Follicle stimulating hormone, increased estrogen in females
138
How does the endocrine system connect to the reproductive system?
Endocrine system releases gonadotropin- releasing hormone, which is released by the hypothalamus and causes the presence of lh and fsh
139
Components of integumentary system
Skin, hair, and nails
140
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin
141
Melanocytes
Produce and distribute melanocytes
142
What is the epidermis made of?
Dead cells on the outside
143
Dermis
Middle layer of skin
144
Components of dermis
Collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings
145
Subcutaneous/ hypodermis
Inner layer of skin
146
How does the integumentary system protect?
Epidermis provides a barrier between outside pathogens
147
Skin prevents the body from ______ due to rapid cell division
Drying out
148
How does the integumentary system excrete?
Through glands. Water, minerals, sodium, chloride, and magnesium
149
How does the integumentary system allow interaction with the environment
Through nerve endings
150
Homeostasis of the integumentary system
If the body gets too want it'll sweat. If body gets too cold blood vessels constrict and the body will shiver
151
Glands
Specific type of organ that secretes hormones into the blood to target and affect other organs
152
Pineal gland
Located in the middle of the brain and secretes melatonin
153
Pituitary gland
Located below the hypothalamus
154
Thyroid and parathyroid
Located in neck
155
Adrenal
On top of each kidney
156
Organs involved in the endocrine system
Pancreas, ovaries, testes, hypothalamus
157
Functions of the endocrine system
Release of epinephrine, and activation of the neuroendocine system
158
Epinephrine
Stress hormone
159
Hormone imbalance can cause...
Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, gigantism
160
Components of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
161
Renal cortex
Outer layer of kidney which contains blood vessels
162
Renal medulla
Part of the kidney concentrated on urine regulation
163
Ureters
Carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder
164
Erythropoietin
Red blood all production hormone in renal medulla
165
Function of kidneys
Filter blood, create urine, stabilize water balance, maintain blood pressure, and produce active vitamin k
166
Nephron
Structural/functional unit of the kidney
167
Urinary systems relationship with the cardiovascular system
Kidneys secrete hormones which constrict and open blood vessels to fluctuate blood pressure as needed
168
How does blood from the heart get to the kidneys
Through the renal artery
169
Purpose of the immune system
Protect the body from disease-causing agents (pathogens)
170
Systems within the immune system
Innate defense system and adaptive defense system
171
Innate defense system has a_____ response to pathogens
Nonspecific
172
What are the 3 lines of defense in the innate defense system?
First, skin, mucus, secretions, next phagocytes specific proteins and inflammatory response finally, the adaptive immune system
173
Phagocytes
White blood cells
174
APC
Antigen- presenting cell (macrophages)
175
Adaptive defense system is ______ to a given pathogen
Specific
176
Lymphocytes
T and B cells (functional cells)
177
Cellular response
Destroys the infected cell
178
Hormonal response
Destroys pathogens in the body
179
How does the adaptive defense system fight pathogens?
Lymphocytes such as B cells and some T cells can fight the pathogen and retain a memory of it next time it comes around
180
Helper T cells
Determine whether B cells or cytotoxic T cell is released
181
Cytokines become...
Cytotoxic T cells
182
Plasma cells carry...
B cells
183
Allergies are an example of...
An overactive immune system
184
An example of passive immunity
Vaccines
185
Pathology of HIV
Prevents helper T cells from activating cytotoxic T and B cells and prevents adaptive immune system from operating
186
Purpose of the skeletal system
Leverage for muscles to pull for movement and provides protection for delicate organs
187
Purpose of bones
To synthesize blood, and immune cells plus store calcium phosphate and lipids
188
4 types of bones
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
189
Components of long bones
Longer length than width, mostly in arms and legs and growth plates
190
Yellow bone marrow
Stores lipids
191
Red marrow @ end of long bone
Site of blood cell production
192
Components of short bones
Same width and length some examples are wrists and ankles
193
Components of flat bones
Thin and flat to protect vital organs (example: ribs) also contains red blood marrow
194
Components of irregular bones
Hip bones and vertebrae's
195
Matrix
Nonliving substance of bone
196
Joints
Places where bones meet one another
197
Ligaments
Attached bones
