anatomy and physiology Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
how have we come to understand living bodies?
A
by examining dead bodies
2
Q
when did anatomists become allowed to perform human dissections?
A
17th and 18th centuries
3
Q
conditions for human dissections in the 17th and 18th centuries
A
done by certified anatomists under regulated conditions
4
Q
how are tissues formed?
A
cells group with similar cells
5
Q
what does the complementarity of structure and function apply to?
A
every level of a body’s organisation
6
Q
what have dead bodies and dissections shown about structure and function?
A
the function of a body reflects its form
7
Q
what do medical students examine?
A
cadavers
8
Q
what do cadavers do to become cadavers?
A
volunteer, by donating their bodies to science
9
Q
what forms organs?
A
when two or more tissue types combine
10
Q
what is the highest level of organisation?
A
the organism itself
11
Q
what’s left balanced to ensure survival?
A
materials and energy
12
Q
examples of things to balance to transform and disperse energy?
A
blood, oxygen, water and nutrients
13
Q
what is everyone’s ultimate cause of death?
A
extreme and irreversible loss of homeostasis
14
Q
how are organ systems formed?
A
organs work together and combine to perform a specific function
15
Q
what are directional terms used to describe?
A
one body part in relation to another
16
Q
another term for the sagittal plane
A
longitudinal/medial plane
17
Q
another term for the coronal plane
A
frontal plane
18
Q
another term for the transverse plane
A
axial/horizontal plane
19
Q
what does the transverse plane divide the body into?
A
superior and inferior
20
Q
what is the transverse plane perpendicular to?
A
coronal and sagittal
21
Q
what two parts are the body divided into?
A
axial and appendicular
22
Q
what did anatomy develop?
A
its own standardised set of directional terms
23
Q
what are the appendicular parts of the body?
A
the parts attached to the axial parts
24
Q
what is another term for the appendicular parts?
A
appendages
25
where do appendages attach?
to the body's axis
26
what is another term for the body's anterior?
ventral
27
what is another term for the body's posterior?
dorsal
28
what is another term for the body's superior?
cranial
29
what is another term for the body's inferior?
caudal
30
what is the midline?
an imaginary line running down the axis of a body in the standard anatomical position
31
example of a small body cell
erythrocyte
32
length of erythrocyte across
5 micrometres
33
length of a single motor neurone running down one leg
1 metre
34
examples of organs
heart, liver, lungs and skin
35
what is an example of an organ system?
digestive
36
what organs are the digestive system made up of?
stomach, liver and intestine
37
examples of ways loss of homeostasis can cause death
dehydration, hypothermia, organ failure, suffocation and starvation
38
examples of directional terms
anterior, posterior, sagittal, etc
39
examples of the centre of the body
head, neck and trunk
40
examples of appendages
arms and legs
41
why was the study, retrieval and dissection done in secret in most societies?
it was taboo
42
how did galen learn about the human body?
by performing vivisections on pigs
43
how many atoms are humans made up of?
7 octillion
44
glean meaning
to obtain
45
lucrative meaning
profitable
46
vivisection meaning
performing operations on live animals for scientific research or experimentation
47
octillion meaning
a number followed by 27 zeroes
48
principle of complementarity of structure and function meaning
a function is dependent on structure, and form of a structure relates to its function
49
homeostasis meaning
ability of living organisms to maintain stable, internal conditions regardless of the external conditions
50
classic anatomical position meaning
the body faces forward with its arms on the side and palms facing forward
51
sagittal plane definition
a line running down vertically, dividing a body/organ into left and right
52
parasagittal plane definition
a line parallel to the sagittal line, off to one side
53
transverse plane definition
a line running horizontally, dividing a body into top and bottom
54
coronal plane meaning
a line running down horizontally, dividing a body into front and back
55
what are axial parts?
anything in line with the centre of the body
56
what is the anterior?
the front of the body
57
what is the posterior?
the back of the body
58
superior meaning
features towards the top of the body
59
inferior meaning
features towards the bottom of the body
60
medial meaning
features near the midline
61
examples of tissues
cavity linings, membranes and muscles
62
lateral meaning
far from the midline
63
proximal meaning
close to the trunk
64
distal meaning
far from the trunk
65
what does the trunk contain?
abdomen, back, chest and pelvis
66
directional terms meaning
terms to describe anatomical positions
67
what does the simple squamous epithelium form?
capillaries
68
function of simple squamous epithelium
allow fusion of material
69
where is the simple squamous epithelium found?
body cavity lining and blood vessel lining
70
where is the simple cuboidal epithelium generally found?
in the lining of tubules
71
where specifically can the simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
salivary glands and kidney tubules
72
what does the simple columnar epithelium line?
the inside surface of passageways
73
in what tract can the simple columnar epithelium be found?
digestive tract
74
what does the stratified cuboidal epithelium line?
inside of the tubules
75
where is the stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
the inner side of pancreatic ducts and salivary glands
76
what does brown adipose tissue function as?
accumulates lipids for cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis
77
what does the white adipose tissue function as?
a key energy reservoir for other organs
78
what are the two types of adipose tissue?
brown and white
79
where is most fat stored?
under the skin (subcutaneous fat)
80
where is visceral fat stored?
deep inside the belly, wrapped around the organs (i.e., liver and intestines)
81
what is visceral fat known as?
hidden fat
82
what is located in the extracellular matrix?
chemical substances located between connective tissue itself
83
what is dense connective tissue made of?
tight bundles of dense collagen fibres
84
where is dense connective tissue found?
tendons and ligaments
85
what's an example of tissue with high collagen?
dense connective tissue
86
what do goblet cells do?
secrete the main component of mucus
87
what formation is bone tissue involved in?
blood cell formation
88
what does bone tissue provide?
levers for muscles to act on
89
how does bone tissue support and protect?
by enclosing
90
what structure do white blood cells have?
circular
91
what structure do elastic fibres have?
thin
92
what's collagen like?
thick
93
what does areolar tissue do?
provide support and help protect organs, muscles and tissues
94
what is areolar tissue?
loose connective tissue found throughout the body
95
where is areolar tissue found?
under the skin
96
what kind of tissue helps bind skin together?
areolar
97
structure of voluntary muscle
multinucleated and striated
98
what kind of contractions do voluntary muscles have?
voluntary
99
difference between red and white blood cells
presence of nucleus
100
what do red blood cells do?
provide oxygen
101
why do amphibians have poor endurance?
because all their blood cells have nuclei
102
what is an articulating bone?
a joint/bones that meet a joint
103
what feature of bones allow bones to move freely against each other?
because the articulating surfaces at a synovial joint are not bound together by connective tissue/cartilage
104
where is cartilage tissue found?
on the surface of articulating bones
105
how does cartilage tissue compare to bone?
cartilage tissue is less rigid than bone but more stable than muscle
106
what do smooth muscle cells have?
involuntary contractions in arteries and the digestive system
107
what shape do smooth muscle cells have?
spindle cell shaped
108
what do neurons do?
transmit information through electrical impulses
109
what happens when excess fat is stored in a lipocyte?
expands in size until the fat is used as fuel
110
function of lipocytes
stores fat
111
function of glial cells
holds nerve cells together
112
what are oligodendrocytes?
myelinating cells of the CNS
113
appearance of oligodendrocyte
balls with spikes surrounding
114
what is an oligodendrocyte restricted to?
the CNS
115
what type of cell is an oligodendrocyte?
glial cell
116
another term for the glial cell
neuroglia
117
what does the cardiac muscle do?
it has involuntary contractions in the heart
118
what's the structure of pseudostratified columnar like?
has cilia at the top of the membrane
119
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar like?
absorbs nutrients
120
where's the pseudostratified columnar found?
trachea, bronchi and male urethra
121
what does it mean to be keratinised?
changing into a form containing keratin
122
what is another meaning of keratinised?
accumulation of dead, keratinised cells
123
what kind of epithelium do dust mites feed off of?
stratified squamous epithelium
124
what kind of epithelium protects bodies from the outside world?
stratified squamous epithelium
125
what kind of structure does the stratified squamous epithelium have?
round at the bottom, flat at the top
126
what kind of epithelium is keratinised?
stratified squamous epithelium
127
adipose
fat tissue that is connected to the dense connective tissue
128
where is adipose found?
under the skin
129
hyaline appearance
glassy and translucent
130
what does hyaline cartilage look like?
translucent and bluish-white
131
where is hyaline cartilage found?
joints, respiratory tract and the immature skeleton
132
what kind of cartilage makes smooth surfaces?
hyaline
133
examples of things made up from hyaline cartilage
ear, nose bridge, trachea, rib cage and articular cartilage
134
what parts of the CNS gets rid of dead cells and bacteria?
neuroglia/glia/glial cells
