anatomy and physiology(paper 1)

Question 1

how long do atp stores last

Answer 1

2-3 seconds at rest

up to 10 seconds during exercise

Question 2

what breaks down atp into adp+p+energy

Answer 2

ATPase

Question 3

what occurs in the first stage of epoc

Answer 3

replenishment of atp and pc stores as well as oxygen in myoglobin.

Question 4

what occurs in stage 2 of epoc

Answer 4

returning hormones and enzymes to resting levels

heart dissipation

removal of waste products

Question 5

how is lactic acid transported in the bloodstream

Answer 5

50-75 percent oxidised into co2 and water

10-15 percent converted into glucose and glycogen

5-10 percent converted into a protein

Question 6

what are the characteristics of each energy system

Answer 6

atp-pc
yield 1:1
short duration high intensity
up to 10 seconds
anaerobic
sarcoplasm

glycotic system
yield 1:2
medium intensity medium duration
30-90s up to 3 min
anaerobic
sarcoplasm and cytoplasm

aerobic system
1:38yield
low intensity high duration
aerobic
sarcoplasm

Question 7

what is a coupled reaction

Answer 7

linked reaction in which the products of one reaction are used in the other.

Question 8

how is lactic acid converted to citric acid

Answer 8

coenyme a acts on lactic acid and converts it to acetyl coa which then combined with oxalicitic acid to make citric acid

Question 9

what do cooling aids do

Answer 9

speed up removal of lactic acid so you can play again sooner

Question 10

what are the work relief ratios of each energy system

Answer 10

atp-pc 1:3

glycotic 1:2

aerobic1:1

Question 11

short term effects of altitude and humidity on cardiovascular system

Answer 11

decrease sv
increase hr
decrease cardiac output
decrease in o2 transported in muscles

Question 12

short term effects on respiratory system

Answer 12

increased breathing rate
increase tidal volume
decrease pp02 in inspired air
decrease in 02 diffusion(gaseous exchange)

Question 13

what is acclimatization

Answer 13

process of athlete gradually adapting to their environment

Question 14

how long should a performer acclimatize for for these altitudes

1000-2000m
2000-3000m
3000+m
5000+m

Answer 14

3-5 days
1-2 weeks
2+weeks
4+weeks

Question 15

adaptations which occur during acclimatization

Answer 15

increase release of epo
increased red blood cell
increased capillarization
breathing rate stabilizes

Question 16

what does thermoregulation do

Answer 16

maintain internal core temperature

Question 17

what does thermoreceptors do

Answer 17

sense a change in temperature

Question 18

2 physiological effects of acclimation to altitude

Answer 18

thermo regulation and receptors

Question 19

what is a side effect of thermoregulation

Answer 19

dehydration due to sweating and therefore losing water so if it isn’t replenished you will become dehydrated

Question 20

Identify two effects which exercise the heat can have on the cardiovascular system

Answer 20

Increase heart rate
Decrease venous return

Question 21

Explain why heart and respiratory rates remain above resting level during slow component of epoc

Answer 21

Lactacid component

Removal of lactic acid

Additional o2 needed

Approx 5-8 litres

Question 22

Explain positives and drawbacks of hydration

Answer 22

Prevent dehydration which could cause nausia

Maintains body temp

Question 23

Benefits and negatives of caffeine

Answer 23

Increase concentration

Gastrointestinal issues

Increase urination

Question 24

Explain how the impacts of regular exercise on lifestyle disease such as chd and asthma

Answer 24

Reduces cholesterol

Prevents atherosclerosis

Cardiac hypertrophy doesn’t work as hard as

Increase strength of respiratory muscles

Increase in pulmonary cappilaroes

Question 25

equation for angular displacement

Answer 25

Angular displacement divided by time

Radians per second