Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

name 4 types of bones

Answer 1

1) long bones
2) short bones
3) irregular bones
4) flat bones

Question 1

name the functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

1) support
2) protection
3) movement
4) blood cell production
5) mineral storage

Question 2

give 2 examples of flat bone

Answer 2

cranium
sternum

Question 3

gives 2 examples of short types of bone

Answer 3

carpals
tarsals

Question 4

give 2 types of long bones

Answer 4

femur
humerus

Question 5

give an example of an irregular bones

Answer 5

pelvis

Question 6

name the 8 types of joint movement

Answer 6

1) flexion
2) extension
3) adduction
4) abduction
5) rotation
6) circumduction
7) plantar flexion
8) dorsi flexion

Question 7

3 types of joint

Answer 7

1) ball and socket
2) synovial joints
3) hinge joints

Question 8

example of ball and socket joints

Answer 8

hip and shoulder

Question 9

example of hinge joints

Answer 9

knee
ankle
elbow

Question 10

name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint

Answer 10

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction

Question 11

name the types of movement that occurs at a hinge joint

Answer 11

flexion and extension

Question 12

name the types of movement that occur at a pivot joint

Answer 12

rotation

Question 13

what do ligaments attach

Answer 13

bone to bone

Question 14

what do tendons attach

Answer 14

muscle to bone

Question 15

features of a synovial joint

Answer 15

ligaments - hold the joint together
cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface
synovial membrane - releases synovial fluid to lubricate joint
bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones

Question 16

give a sporting type of movement for flexion

Answer 16

hamstrings at the knee
brining foot back before kicking a ball

Question 17

give a sporting example of movement for extension

Answer 17

triceps at the elbow
forehead in badminton

Question 18

give a sporting example of plantar-flexion

Answer 18

gastrocnemius at the ankle
standing on the toes in ballet pointe work

Question 19

give a sporting example of dorsi-flexion

Answer 19

at the ankle
heel side turns in snowboarding

Question 20

give a sporting example of adduction

Answer 20

butterfly stroke

Question 21

give a sporting example of adduction

Answer 21

pushing forward when running

Question 22

what are antagonistic muscles

Answer 22

Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist)

Question 23

name the agonistic pair in the knee

Answer 23

flexion - hamstring = agnostic
quads = antagonist
extension - vice versa

Question 24

name the agonistic pair in the elbow

Answer 24

flexion - bicep = agonist
triceps = antagonist
extension - vice versa

Question 25

name the antagonistic pair in the hip

Answer 25

flexion - hip flexors = agonist
gluteus = antagonist
extension - vice versa

Question 26

name the antagonistic pair in the ankle

Answer 26

plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist
tibialis anterior = antagonist

dorsi-flexion - vice versa

Question 27

name 4 types of muscle contraction

Answer 27

isometric
isotonic
concentric
eccentric

Question 28

what is isometric contraction

Answer 28

muscle stays same length

Question 29

what is isotonic contraction

Answer 29

muscle changes length

Question 30

what is concentric contraction

Answer 30

muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl.

Question 31

what is eccentric contraction

Answer 31

muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl

Question 32

name the 2 types pf heart circuits

Answer 32

pulmonary and systemic

Question 33

what is tidal volume

Answer 33

The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise.

Question 34

what is vital capacity

Answer 34

The most air you could possible breathe in after breathing out the largest volume of air you can.

Question 35

what is spirometer

Answer 35

measures the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs

Question 36

what is aerobic exercise

Answer 36

activity with oxygen

Question 37

equation for aerobic exercise

Answer 37

glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 38

what is anaerobic exercise

Answer 38

activity without oxygen

Question 39

what is the equation for anaerobic exercise

Answer 39

glucose - lactic acid + energy

Question 40

what are the short term effects of exercise in the muscular system

Answer 40

• release of extra energy generates heat which makes you hot
• lactic acid causes muscle pain
• EPOC
• ## periods of rest are needed

Question 41

what are the short term effects of exercise in the respiratory system

Answer 41

• pectorals expand the lungs to allow extra air
• muscles in abdomen pull ribcage down so you can breathe faster

Question 42

what are the short term of effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system

Answer 42

• heart rate increases
• stroke volume increases
• cardiac output increases
• blood pressure increases = increased blood and oxygen supply.

Question 43

what are articulating bones

Answer 43

where are two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint

Question 44

what is eccentric contraction

Answer 44

lengthening of the muscle

Question 45

what is concentric contraction

Answer 45

shortening of the muscle