Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Name the components of the chest wall.

Answer 1

Ribs, sternum, clavicles, pectoral muscles, cephalic veins, and subclavian veins.

Question 2

What is the cardiac base?

Answer 2

The upper portion of the heart.

Question 3

What is the pericardium?

Answer 3

A protective layer of tissue that encases the heart.

Question 4

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 4

A membrane which acts to enclose the thoracic cavity and separate it from the abdominal cavity.

Question 5

Where is the right phrenic nerve located?

Answer 5

It passes over the right brachiocephalic artery and subclavian vein before it passes over the right atrium and down through the diaphragm.

Question 6

Where is the left phrenic nerve located?

Answer 6

It passes over the left ventricle and innervates and passes through the diaphragm.

Question 7

What is the intraventricular sulcus?

Answer 7

The left anterior descending coronary artery follows the sulcus which also serves as a landmark for the interventricular septum.

Question 8

Of the four valves in the heart, what two categories do they fall under?

Answer 8

AV valves and Semi-lunar valves.

Question 9

What are the names and characteristics of the AV valves?

Answer 9

Tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valves. These valves prevent backflow between the chambers of the heart. They are assisted by the chordae tendonae and the papillary muscles, which assist in holding the valves shut, preventing backflow and anchor the chordae tendone, respectively.

Question 10

What are the names and characteristics of the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 10

Pulmonary and aortic valves; they do not have chordae tendonae or papillary muscles, have three cusps and are held open and closed by the pressure within the vascular system.

Question 11

What parts of the right atrium are smooth and what parts are not?

Answer 11

Walls of the atrium are smooth and the appendage in lined with trabeculae.

Question 12

What relevance does the eustacian ridge have in device placement?

Answer 12

It serves as a marker within the right atrium for locating the coronary sinus.

Question 13

What is the thebesian valve?

Answer 13

A valve that covers part of the coronary sinus in some patients.

Question 14

What are the components of blood and percentage in the blood?

Answer 14

Red blood cells 45%, white blood cells and platelets 1%, plasma 54%

Question 15

What do red blood cells carry and what do they do?

Answer 15

Hemoglobin, transports oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Question 16

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 16

HR x SV

Question 17

What is the formula for stroke volume?

Answer 17

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Question 18

What are the determinants of stroke volume?

Answer 18

Preload, contractility, and afterload

Question 19

What is preload?

Answer 19

The amount of myocardial stretch at the end of diastole.

Question 20

What is afterload?

Answer 20

The resistance that needs to be overcome for the heart to eject blood.

Question 21

What is contractility?

Answer 21

The inotropic state of the heart independent of preload and afterload.

Question 22

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

Answer 22

Stroke volume/end diastolic volume

Question 23

What is a normal EF?

Answer 23

55-65%

Question 24

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 24

The peak pressure in the arteries during a cardiac contraction.

Question 25

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Answer 25

The pressure at the lowest pressure of the cardiac cycle.

Question 26

What is the mean arterial pressure?

Answer 26

Term used to describe a notional average blood pressure in an individual.

Question 27

Are the semi-lunar valves open or closed during diastole?

Answer 27

Closed; this is the resting phase.

Question 28

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 28

Change in blood pressure seen during a single contraction of the heart.

Question 29

What is central venous pressure?

Answer 29

Vena cava pressure corresponds to right atrial pressure, which approximates the amount of blood returning to the heart.

Question 30

What is a Swanz-Ganz catheter?

Answer 30

Used to obtain information on cardiac function, measuring pulmonary pressures and left atrial pressure to estimate the workload of the heart and lungs.

Question 31

What is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?

Answer 31

Left atrial pressure, determines preload

Question 32

What factors impact preload?

Answer 32

Heart rate and lack of compliance

Question 33

In general, how are pediatric patients different from adult patients?

Answer 33

Lower systolic blood pressure and higher pulse rate as age gets lower.

Question 34

What is a normal aortic pressure?

Answer 34

100-140/60-90 mmHG

Question 35

What is a normal right atrial pressure?

Answer 35

0-8 mmHg

Question 36

What is a normal pulmonary artery pressure?

Answer 36

15-30 mmHg/ 4-12 mmHg

Question 37

What is a normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?

Answer 37

1-10 mmHg

Question 38

What is a normal RV pressure?

Answer 38

15-30/0-8 mmHg

Question 39

What is a normal LV pressure?

Answer 39

100-140/3-12 mmHg

Question 40

What is a normal LA pressure?

Answer 40

1-10 mmHg

Question 41

What are the four AHA categories for blood pressure?

Answer 41

Normal 160/>100

Question 42

What are normal cholesterol values (Total/HDL/LDL/Triglycerides)?

Answer 42

60/<150

Question 43

What are borderline cholesterol values (Total/LDL/Triglycerides)?

Answer 43

200-239/130-159/150-199

Question 44

What are high risk cholesterol values (Total/HDL/LDL/Triglycerides)?

Answer 44

>240/200

Question 45

What is the most common cardiomyopathy?

Answer 45

Dilated

Question 46

What is idiopathic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 46

Unexplained cardiomyopathy

Question 47

What is concentric hypertrophy?

Answer 47

Hypertrophy due to increased afterload

Question 48

What is eccentric hypertrophy?

Answer 48

Hypertrophy due to volume overload

Question 49

What is patent foramen ovale?

Answer 49

The failure of the formaen ovale, which is open at birth, to close as a person grows older

Question 50

Name eight different forms of heart failure.

Answer 50

Backwards, forwards, acute chronic, left/right sided, systolic and diastolic.

Question 51

What are the characteristics of left-sided heart failure?

Answer 51

Failing/failed left pump, increased SVR, pulmonary congestion

Question 52

What are the characteristics of right-sided heart failure?

Answer 52

Failing failed right pump, increased pulmonary resistance, peripheral edema, organ ascites

Question 53

Heart failure is either one of both of the following abnormalities:

Answer 53

Impaired ejection (low EF) and impaired filling as a result of stiffness of myocardial tissue

Question 54

What is systolic heart failure?

Answer 54

Heart failure due to impaired emptying

Question 55

What is diastolic heart failure?

Answer 55

Heart failure due to impaired filling.

Question 56

Name three conditions associated with sinus node dysfunction.

Answer 56

Sinus bradycardia, Sinus pause, Brady-Tachy syndrome