Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
Types of synovial joints
A
- Ball and Socket
- Ellipsoidal (condylar)
- Gliding (plane)
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle joints
2
Q
What is the most mobile of the synovial joints?
A
Ball and Socket.
3
Q
Describe a synovial joint.
A
- The ends of the bone are smooth and covered in articular cartilage, with an extremely low coefficient of friction.
- Two bones bound together by a capsule of fibrous tissues.
- Fibrous capsule lined with on the inside with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid, to lubricate the joint and nourish the cartilage.
- The joint is reinforced by ligaments, which are fibers of connective tissue.
4
Q
Definition of a hinge joint:
A
Movement in one plane only, providing extension and flexion. eg. knee and elbow.
5
Q
Pivot joint:
A
Joint that allows rotation around single axis eg between atlas and axis.
6
Q
Saddle joint:
A
Highly mobile joint allowing sliding movement in two directions, such as where the meta-carpal of the thumb meets the trapezius.
7
Q
The two regions of the skeleton are…
A
The axial and appendicular skeleton.
8
Q
The scull consists of…
A
- The cranium
- The mandible
- The hyoid bone at the base of the tongue
9
Q
The neurocranium…
A
surrounds and protects the brain and part of the brainstem.
10
Q
The facial cranium…
A
is the lower part of the scull that is under the face.
11
Q
How many bones make up the facial cranium?
A
14
12
Q
The two nasal bones…
A
form the upper portion of the bridge of the nose.
13
Q
The two lacrimal bones…
A
are located in each orbit, next to the nose and close to the tear ducts.
14
Q
The two palatine bones…
A
make up the hard palate.
15
Q
The vomer…
A
is part of the ethmoid bone which makes up the nasal septum.
16
Q
Turbinates…
A
or nasal conchae, are small bones protruding into the inferior nasal passage.
17
Q
Sutures…
A
interlock the bones of the scull.
18
Q
Temporomandibular joint…
A
where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
19
Q
The auditory ossicles consist of…
A
the malleus, incus and stapes.
20
Q
The temporomandibular joint is a…
A
condylar synovial joint.
21
Q
The sagittal plane…
A
divides the body vertically into left and right, and is also known as the median plane.
22
Q
A parasagittal plane…
A
is any plane parallel to the sagittal plane.
23
Q
The coronal plane…
A
divides the body vertically into front and back, and is also known as the frontal plane.
24
Q
The transverse plane…
A
divides the body horizontally into top and bottom, and is also known as the horizontal plane.
25
Everything in the front of the body is considered...
anterior or ventral.
26
Everything in the back of the body is considered...
posterior or dorsal.
27
Features toward the top of the body are considered...
superior or cranial.
28
Features toward the bottom of the body are considered...
inferior or caudial.
29
In Anatomy and Physiology the hierarchy of increasingly complex structures is...
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ Systems
6. The body.
30
Tissues are...
groups of similar cells that come together to perform a common function.
31
The four primary types of tissues are...
1. Nervous
2. Muscle
3. Epithelial
4. Connective
32
Nervous tissues...
provide control and communication.
33
Muscle tissues...
provide movement.
34
Epithelial tissues...
cover and protect the body.
35
Connective tissues...
provide support.
36
Histology is...
the study of tissues.
37
Which two cell types make up nervous tissue...
neurons and glial cells.
38
The three contiguous regions of the cavity containing the brain are...
the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.
39
The glandular epithelium...
forms glands and secretes hormones and other substances.
40
The nasal cavities are connected to paranasal sinuses in the...
frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid bones.
41
The largest paranasal sinuses are...
the maxillary sinuses, which lay to the side of the nose.
42
The four bones of the neuro-cranium are..
1. Occipital
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Frontal
43
In anatomy, a process is...
a projection of tissue from a larger body.
44
All epithelial cells are...
polar. They have distinct sides.
45
Contrast the bones of the roof and outer wall of the orbit, to those of the inner wall.
The bones of the inner wall are much more fragile.
46
The definition of cribiform in anatomy is...
'pierced by many holes'. For example, the plate of the ethmoid bone, through which all the olfactory nerves pass.
47
Three factors that set connective tissue apart from other tissues...
1. They all develop from mesenchyme.
2. They have different degrees of vascularity.
3. All connective tissues are mostly composed of non-living material.
48
The proper epithelium...
covers and lines your outer and inner body.
49
All epithelial tissues are...
avascular (they don't have a blood supply).
50
Running throughout the ground substance are...
fibers, which provide shape and structure.
51
Squamous cells allow...
fast absorption and diffusion, making thin membranes.
52
The different layerings of epithelial tissue are...
simple, stratified and pseudo-stratified (a single layer but with all different shaped cells).
53
Chrondoblasts are..
the blast cells of cartilage.
54
The apical side of epithelial cells is exposed to...
the outside of the body or whatever cavity the cells are lining.
55
The basal side of epithelial cells is tightly attached to the
basement membrane, a thin layer of mostly collagen fibers that helps hold the epithelium together and anchor it to the next deeper layer, your connective tissue.
56
Areolar tissue is...
the most common lose connective tissue It has a loose arrangement of fibers and a lot of open space, allowing it to hold fluid.
57
Three factors that set connective tissue apart from other tissues...
1. They all develop from mesenchyme.
2. They have different degrees of vascularity.
3. All connective tissues are mostly composed of non-living material.
58
Adipocytes store...
lipids for later use.
59
From each proteoglycan sprouts many...
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long starchy strands, that hold the connective tissue together.
60
Running throughout the ground substance are...
fibers, which provide shape and structure.
61
The types of fibers are...
1. Collagen, the strongest and most abundant.
2. Elastic fibers, longer and thinner, forming a branching framework, made from the protein elastin
3. Reticular fibres, thinner collagen fibers, which form nets to support organs.
62
The two phases of cells are...
immature, with the suffix blast and mature, with the suffix cyte.
63
Chrondoblasts are..
the blast cells of cartilage.
64
What type of tissue is fat?
Connective tissue.
65
Connective tissue proper comes in two subclasses...
1. Loose, less collagen fibers in ground substance, (areolar, reticular, adipose)
2. Dense, more collagen fibers in ground substance, (regular, irregular, elastic)
66
Areolar tissue is...
the most common lose connective tissue It has a loose arrangement of fibers and a lot of open space, allowing it to hold fluid.
67
Adipocytes store...
lipids for later use.
68
a-, an-,
an absence or lack.
69
ab-
departing away from.
70
acou-
hearing.
71
ac-, acro-
extreme or extremity.
72
ad-
to or toward.
73
aden-, adeno-
gland.
74
adren-
toward the kidney.
75
aero-
air.
76
af-
toward.
77
agon-
contest.
78
alb-
white.
79
aliment-
nourish.
80
allel-
of one.
81
amphi-
on both sides or of both kinds.
82
ana-
apart, up, again.
83
anastomos-
come together.
84
aneurysm
a widening.
85
angi-
vessel.
86
angin-
choked.
87
ant-, anti-
opposed to; preventing or inhibiting.
88
ante-
preceding.
89
aort-
great artery.
90
ap-, api-
tip extremity.
91
aut-, auto-
self.
92
aqua-, aque-
water.
93
arbor
tree
94
areola-
open space.
95
arrect-
upright.
96
arthr-, arthro-
joint.
97
artic-
joint.
98
atri-
vestibule.
99
auscult-
listen.
100
aut-, auto-
self.
101
ax-, axi-, axo-
axis, axle.
102
azyg-
unpaired.
103
baro-
pressure.
104
basal
base
105
bi-
two.
106
capill-
hair.
107
bio-
life.
108
blast-
bud or germ.
109
brachi-
arm.
110
brady-
slow.
111
brev-
short.
112
broncho-
bronchus.
113
bucco-
cheek.
114
calor-
heat.
115
cele-
abdominal.
116
caput-
head.
117
carcin-
cancer.
118
cardi-, cardio-
heart.
119
carneo-
flesh.
120
carot-
carrot or stupor.
121
cata-
down.
122
caud-
tail.
123
cec-
blind.
124
cele-
abdominal.
125
cephal-
head.
126
cerebro-
brain.
127
cervic-, cervix-
neck.
128
chiasm-
crossing.
129
chole-
bile.
130
chondr-
cartilage.
131
chrom-
coloured.
132
cili-
small.
133
circum-
around.
134
clavic-
key.
135
co-, con-
together.
136
coccy-
cuckoo.
137
cochlea
snail shell.
138
coel-
hollow.
139
commis-
united.
140
concha
shell
141
contra-
against.
142
corn-, cornu-
horn.
143
corona
crown.
144
corp-
body.
145
cort-
back.
146
cost-
rib.
147
crani-
skull.
148
crypt-
hidden.
149
cusp-
pointed.
150
cutic-
skin.
151
cyan-
blue.
152
cyst-
sac.
153
cyt-
cell
154
de-
undoing.
155
decid-
falling off.
156
delta
triangular.
157
den-, dent-
tooth.
158
dendr-
tree, branch.
159
derm-
skin.
160
desm-
bond.
161
ec-, ex-, ecto-
out, outside, away from.
162
dia-
through, between.
163
dialys-
separate, break apart.
164
diastol-
stand apart. ie between contractions.
165
diure-
urinate.
166
dors-
the back.
167
duc-, duct-
lead, draw.
168
dura
hard.
169
dys-
difficult.
170
ec-, ex-, ecto-
out, outside, away from.
171
ectop-
displaced.
172
edem-
swelling.
173
ef-
away.
174
ejac-
to shoot forth.
175
embol-
wedge.
176
en-, em-
in, inside.
177
enceph-
brain.
178
endo-
within, inner.
179
entero-
intestine.
180
epi-
over, above.
181
erythr-
red.
182
eso-
within.
183
eu-
well.
184
excret-
separate.
185
exo-
outside, outer layer.
186
extra-
outside, beyond.
187
extrins-
from the outside.
188
fasci-, fascia-
bundle, band.
189
fenestr-
window.
190
ferr-
iron.
191
flagell-
whip.
192
flat-
blow.
193
folli-
bag, bellows
194
fontan-
fountain.
195
foram-
opening.
196
foss-
ditch
197
gam-, gamet-
married, spouse.
198
gangli-
swelling or knot.
199
gastr-
stomach.
200
gene
beginning.
201
germin-
grow.
202
gero-, geront-
old man.
203
gest-
carried.
204
glauc-
gray.
205
glom-
ball.
206
glosso-
tongue.
207
gluco-, glyco-
gluconeogenesis.
208
hetero-
different or other.
209
gnost-
knowing.
210
gompho-
nail.
211
gon-, gono-
seed, offspring.
212
gust-
taste.
213
hapt-
fasten, grasp.
214
hema-, hemato-, hemo-
blood.
215
hemi-
half.
216
hepat-
liver.
217
hyal-
clear.
218
hiat-
gap.
219
hippo-
horse.
220
hirsut-
hairy.
221
hist-
tissue.
222
holo-
whole.
223
hom-, homo-
same.
224
hormon-
to excite.
225
humor-
a fluid.
226
hyal-
clear.
227
hyster-, hystero-
uterus or womb.
228
ile-
intestine.
229
im-
not.
230
intercal-
insert.
231
intra-
within, inside.
232
jugul-
throat.
233
laten-
hidden
234
karyo-
kernel, nucleus.
235
kera-
horn.
236
kin-, kines-
move.
237
labi-, labri-
lip
238
lacun-
space, cavity.
239
lamell-
small
240
lamina
layer.
241
lat-
wide.
242
laten-
hidden
243
leuko-
white.
244
leva-,
raise, elevate.
245
lingua-
tongue.
246
lip-, lipo-
fat, lipid.
247
lith-
stone.
248
luci-
clear.
249
lumen
light.
250
lut-
yellow.
251
lymph
water.
252
macro-
large.
253
macula
spot.
254
mamm-
breast
255
meat-
passage.
256
medull-
marrow.
257
meio-
less.
258
melan-
black
259
men-, menstru-
month.
260
meningo-
membrane.
261
mer-, mero-
a part.
262
meso-
middle.
263
meta-
beyond, between, transition.
264
metro-
uterus
265
The complementarity of structure and function says...
what a structure can do depends on its form.
