Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards by Katrina Campbell

Different parts of the alimentary canal (6)

mouth and oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

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3 parts of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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3 parts of large intestine

caecum, appendix, colon

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accessory structures of the GI tract (4)

salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver and gall bladder

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4 activities of the digestive tract

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

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4 layers of the digestive tract wall

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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What is contained within the mucosa?

epithelial cells, exocrine cells, endocrine gland cells, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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What is contained within the submucosa?

connective tissue, larger blood and lymph vessels, glands, nerve networks

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What is contained within the muscularis externa?

circular muscle layer, nerve network (myenteric plexus), longitudinal muscle layer

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What is contained within the serosa?

connective tissue

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Contraction of the circular muscle causes the lumen to become…

narrower and longer

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Contraction of longitudinal muscle contraction causes the lumen to become…

shorter and fatter

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Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled by…

gap junctions

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There are two nervous supplies to the GI tract - intrinsic and extrinsic - the intrinsic is…

the enteric nervous system

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There are two nervous supplies to the GI tract - intrinsic and extrinsic - the extrinsic is the…

autonomic nervous system

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electrical waves (____ _____) pass spontaneously through the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine

slow waves

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Which cells drive the slow wave activity of the gut?

interstitial cells of cajal

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where are interstitial cells of cajal?

between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, also in the submucosa

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3 types of stimuli in the GI tract determining basal electrical rhythm

neuronal, hormonal, mechanical

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two plexus in the enteric nervous system?

myenteric plexus, submucous plexus

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the myenteric plexus mediates

motility and sphincters

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the submucosal plexus

epithelia and blood vessels

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5major motility patterns within the GI tract

peristalisis, segmentation, colonic mass movement, migrating motor complex, tonic contracions

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peristalsis is…

a wave of relaxation, followed by contraction that normally goes in the aboral direction

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segmentation is...

mixing and churning movements - rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer

colonic mass movement is...

powerful sweeping contraction that forces faeces into the rectum

migrating motor complex is...

powerful sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum

low pressure tonic contractions are within

organs with storage function

high pressure tonic contractions are...

sphincters

The muscles of mastication are supplied by which cranial nerve?

CN V3 - mandibular branch of the trigeminal

Which foramen does CN V3 arise?

the foramen ovale

CN V3 is what type of function i.e. sensory or motor?

sensory and motor

Muscles of mastication (4)

temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

Which muscle is required for opening the jaw?

lateral pterygoid

which muscle of mastication is the strongest and has the largest attachment?

masseter - attaches the angle of the mandible and the zygomatic arch

Which bone are the pterygoids attached?

the sphenoid and mandible

the posterior third of the tongue is supplied by which CN?

CN IX - glossopharyngeal, taste and general sensations

The anterior 2/3rds of the tongue is supplied by which nerves?

CN IX and CN V3.CN IX allows for taste.CN V3 allows for general sensation

foramen for CN IX

jugular foramen

Function of CN IX?

sensory and motor - tongue

4 types of papillae on the tongue - which has no taste buds?

Follate, Vallate, Filiform (no taste buds), Fungiform

The superior half of the oral cavity is innervated by which CN?

CN V2 - trigeminal maxillary branch

The foramen for CN V2

foramen rotundum

Function of CN V2 ?

sensory

CNs involved in the gag reflex?

CN IX and X provide motor response, sensory info initially comes from CN IX

The parotid gland is innervated by which CN?

CN IX

The submandibular glands are innervated by which CN?

CN VII

4 muscles of the tongue?

palatoglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus

Which muscle of the tongue is innervated by the vagus nerve?

palatoglossus

Which CN supply 3 out of 4 muscles of the tongue?

CN XII - hypoglossal

Where is the upper oesophageal sphincter found?

C6 - cricopharyngeus

The pharynx is innervated by CN?

CN X

Where do the muscles of the pharynx insert?

into the midline raphe

Which muscle prevents drooling?

orbicularis oris - CN VII

oesophageal plexus is composed of which nerves?

CN X and sympathetic fibres.

Where does the oesophagus terminate?

the cardia of the stomach

parts of the colon (6)

caecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Foregut includes which organs?

oesophagus to mid-duodenum, liver, gallbladder, 1/2 pancreas, spleen

The foregut is supplied by nerves from which vertebrae?

T6-9

Mid gut includes which organs?

mid-duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of transverse colon and half the pancreas

The midgut is supplied by nerves from which vertebrae?

T8-T12

The hindgut includes which organs?

distal 1/3rd of transverse colon --> proximal 1/2 of anal canal

The hindgut is supplied by nerves from which vertebrae?

T10 - L2

Intraperitoneal organs

liver, stomach, almost all small intestine, transverse colon, spleen, gallbladder

Retroperitoneal organs

kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, ascending and descending colon

The greater omentum has how many layers?

the greater omentum attaches to...

the greater curvature of the stomach

Lesser omentum attaches to...

the lesser curvature of the stomach, duodenum and the liver

the lesser omentum has how many layers?

The omental foramen contains...

the portal triad, the communication between the greater and lesser omental sacs

Which pouch(es) are formed in the male at the pelvic edge of the peritoneum?

retrovesicle

Which pouch(es) are formed in the female at the pelvic edge of the peritoneum?

vesico-uterine, recto-uterine (pouch of douglas)

What most commonly causes ascites?

cirrhosis and portal hypertension

Sympathetic nerves supplying the GI Tract

Abdominosplanchnic nerves - T5 - L2

Where do the abdominosplanchnic nerves synapse

prevertebral ganglia anterior to the aorta, part of periarterial plexus

sympathetics for the adrenal glands leave where?

T10 - L1

Parasympathetic innervation of the GI Tract?

CN X, pelvic splanchnic nerves S2,3,4

Sphincters of the GI Tract (6)

upper and lower oesophageal, pyloric, ileocaecal, internal and external anal sphincters

Afferent Nerves involved in swallowing

CN X and IX --> Pons and medulla

sEfferent Nerves involved in swallowing

VII, IX, X and XI

structure that prevents aspiration of food

Epiglottis

Swallowing centre of the brain

pons and medulla

3 pairs of salivary glands

parotids, submandibular, sublingual

Dominant salivary gland

submandibular

Salivary glands are Endocrine/exocrine

exocrine

Salivary glands are divided into salivons. What are the parts of a salivon?

secretory acinus, intercalated duct, striated duct, interlobar ducts and excretory ducts

Serous cells of the acinus secrete?

watery saliva rich in a-amylase

Mucous cells of the acinus secrete?

thick, mucus rich secretions

serous demilunes of the acinus secrete?

lysozyme

Functions of saliva (3)

lubrication, protection, digestion

Lactoferrin in saliva provides what function?

chelates iron to limit availability to bacteria

Main electrolytes in saliva

Na, K, HCO3, Cl, Ca, I, PO4

electrolytes in saliva which are higher in concentration than in plasma

K and HCO3

Where does secondary modification of the saliva occur?

the duct cells

What secondary modification occurs to saliva?

Na and Cl out, K and HCO3 down

What about salivary duct cells allows the diluting effect?

impermeable to H20

The submandibular gland is supplied by which cranial nerve?

CN VII

The parotid gland is supplied by which cranial nerve

CN IX

The sublingual gland is supplied by which cranial nerve?

CN VII

Dominant nervous supply in the production of saliva?

parasympathetic

Which receptors are stimulated in the production of saliva by the PS nervous system?

M1 and M3

Sympathetic salivary secretion is stimulated by which receptors?

a and b1-adrenoceptors

Stimulation by sympathetic nervous system produces what sort of saliva?

thick mucousy, small volume

duodenal factors tend to increase/decrease gastric emptying

decrease

Influences which may delay gastric emptying from the duodenum

fat, acid, hypertonicity, distension

Which hormones may delay gastric emptying?

CCK and Secretin

Pyloric gland area secretes which gastric factors?

Somatostatin and Gastrin

Somatostatin is produced by which cells in the pyloric gland area?

D cells

Gastrin is produced by which cells in the pyloric gland area?

G cells

The oxyntic mucosa is found where in the stomach?

fundus and body of the stomach

The chief cells produce which gastric secretion?

pepsinogen

The enterochromaffin cells produce which gastric secretion?

histamine

the parietal cells produce which gastric secretion?

HCl and Intrinsic factor

Function of Gastrin

Stimulates enterochromaffin cells to produce histamine which increases HCl secretion; stimulates CCK2 receptors on parietal cells to produce HCl

Function of somatostatin

to inhibit gastrin

PGE2 receptors cause a(n) increase/decrease in HCl secretion

decrease

HCl is produced by which cells?

parietal

What is intrinsic factor required for?

binds Vit B12 allowing it to be absorbed in the terminal ileum

Cholinergic activation of M3 receptors in the stomach cause?

increases proton pumps at the apical membrane --> HCl

Cholinergic activation of M1 receptors in the stomach cause?

activation of enterochromaffin cells to produce Histamine -> H2 receptors on parietal cells -> HCl secretion

Functions of HCl

Pepsinogen --> Pepsin; breakdown of bacteria and enzyme

Precipitating factor in H.pylori infection

increased salt intake

Proton pumps are stored within tubulovesicles and which are stimulated to go to the membrane by...

PKAs via M3, CCK2, H2 receptors

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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