Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Berg Balance Scale low risk of falls:

Answer 1

41-56

Question 2

Berg Balance Scale high risk of falls:

Answer 2

0-20

Question 3

Berg Balance Scale moderate risk of falls:

Answer 3

21-40

Question 4

DGI safe ambulators

Answer 4

22/24

Question 5

DGI predictive of falls

Answer 5

<19/24

Question 6

Functional Reach test indication of falls:

Answer 6

< 6 inches

Question 7

Oscillopsia

Answer 7

gaze instability

Question 8

Sensory components of vestibular system:

Answer 8

angular acceleration
linear acceleration
positional sense in relation to gravity

Question 9

Motor components of vestibular system:

Answer 9

providing a clear image of surrounding by controlling eye movements
equilibrium and postural maintenance

Question 10

What detects linear acceleration?

Answer 10

utricle and saccule

Question 11

What detects angular acceleration?

Answer 11

semi-circular canals

Question 12

Endolymph

Answer 12

fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth

Question 13

Perilymph

Answer 13

fluid that surrounds the membranous barrier

supports and cushions

Question 14

Semi circular canal pairs:

Answer 14

R anterior- L posterior

L anterior- R posterior

Question 15

How do the semicircular canals detect angular acceleration?

Answer 15

through displacement of the cupula

Question 16

Horizontal semicircular canals:

Answer 16

directs rotation of the head around the vertical axis
-transverse plan
(turning head before crossing the road)

Question 17

Anterior/Superior Semicircular Canal

Answer 17

detects rotation of the head around the lateral axis
-sagittal plane
(nodding your head)

Question 18

Posterior Semicircular Canal

Answer 18

detects rotation of the head around the frontal axis
left/right; coronal plane
move head to touch shoulders

Question 19

What does the utricle sense?

Answer 19

horizontal
gravity sensitive
senses linear acceleration (driving)

Question 20

What does the saccule sense?

Answer 20

vertical movement

elevator, sit to stand

Question 21

Superior division of cranial nerve VIII

Answer 21

anterior and horizontal canals and utricle

Question 22

Inferior division of cranial nerve VIII

Answer 22

posterior canals and saccule

Question 23

Anterior division of vestibular artery

Answer 23

anterior and horizontal canals and utricle

Question 24

Posterior division of vestibular artery

Answer 24

posterior canals and saccule

Question 25

What muscles do Oculomotor innervate:

Answer 25

superior rectus inferior oblique inferior rectus medial rectus

Question 26

What muscles does Trochlear nerve innervate:

Answer 26

superior oblique

Question 27

What muscle does Abducens innervate:

Answer 27

lateral rectus

Question 28

VOR:

Answer 28

holds image steady on the retina during brief head rotations

Question 29

Eye movements with R posterior canal and L anterior

Answer 29

clockwise and downbeating

Question 30

Eye movements with both horizontal canal:

Answer 30

horizontal and left/right (opposite side)

Question 31

Eye movements with R anterior canal and L posterior

Answer 31

counterclockwise and downbeating

Question 32

Nystagmus

Answer 32

involuntary | rapid and repetitive eye movements

Question 33

What is the slow phase of nystagmus generated by?

Answer 33

vestibular system

Question 34

What is the fast phase of nystagmus generated by?

Answer 34

saccadic system

Question 35

Smooth pursuit

Answer 35

the ability of the eyes to closely follow a moving target

Question 36

Saccades:

Answer 36

rapid eye movements that allows the jump from one point of fixation to another small: reading a book large: scanning a room

Question 37

Optokinetic

Answer 37

eye movements in response to tracking a rotating field

Question 38

Visual fixation

Answer 38

maintaining visual gaze on a stationary object | gaze held on the fovea

Question 39

Vergence:

Answer 39

simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions

Question 40

Vestibulo-spinal Reflexes

Answer 40

responsible for upright posture and head stabilization

Question 41

Vestibulo-collic Reflexes

Answer 41

responsible for stabilizing the head in respect to space | utilizes neck musculature to stabilize the head upon movement sensed by the otoliths or canals

Question 42

Role of vestibular system in postural control:

Answer 42

sensing and perceiving self motion orienting to vertical controlling center of mass stabilizing the head

Question 43

Psychogenic dizziness

Answer 43

anxiety, hyperventilation, panic | depression

Question 44

What is bilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction most often caused by?

Answer 44

drug ototoxicity

Question 45

Labyrinthitis

Answer 45

infection of the labyrinth gradual onset hearing loss is present spontaneous horizontal rotary nystagmus beating toward the good ear

Question 46

Vestibular Neuritis

Answer 46

affects vestibularcochlear nerve sudden onset hearing loss NOT present

Question 47

Migraine without Aura

Answer 47

common migraine periodic headache, throbbing and unilateral exacerbated by activity nausea,

Question 48

Migraine with Aura

Answer 48

classic migraine | transient neurological systems-sensory, motor or cognitive

Question 49

Basilar Migraine

Answer 49

2 or more neurological problems followed by a throbbing headache vertigo 5min-1 hour

Question 50

Perilymphatic fistula

Answer 50

most commonly at oval window of middle ear | hx of head trauma