Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

What are the two components of the adrenal gland?

Answer 1

Cortex and the medulla

Question 2

What are the 4 layers of the adrenal cortex called? From superficial to deep

Answer 2

Connective tissue
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

Question 3

What hormones are produced from the zona glomerulosa? What controls its release?

Answer 3

Aldosterone

Mineralocorticoid

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 4

What hormones are released from the zona fasciculata? Controlled to release by what?

Answer 4

Cortisol
Cortisone
Corticosterone

(Glucocorticoids)

The HPA system

Question 5

What is the primary control of calcium in the body? How does it do this?

Answer 5

Parathyroid hormone that causes increased osteoclastic activity so release of calcium phosphate

Also incraeses vit D production that increaes calcium uptake in the kidneys

Question 6

What hormone is secreted in extreme cases of hypercalcaemia to get it back down?

Answer 6

Calcitonin

Inhibits osteoclasts and moves calcium from plasma back into bones

Question 7

Surge of what hormone causes egg release in the ovary?

Answer 7

LH

Question 8

What is considered day 1 of the follicular phase?

Answer 8

Menstrual bleeding

Question 9

What is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 9

Where the corpus luteum is formed

Question 10

What cell type does LH bind to inorder to produce testosterone in the testis?

Answer 10

Leydig cells

Question 11

What is hypothalamic pituitary failure?

Answer 11

Where the hypothalamus isnt producing enough GnRH so FSH and LH arent secreted so no eggs are matured or released

Question 12

What are some causes of type 1 ovarian failure?

Answer 12

Hypothalmic pituitary failure;

• stress
• excessive exercise
• low BMI
• Brain/ pituitary tumours
• Kallmans syndrome
• drugs/ opiates

Question 13

What is the diencephalon composed of?

Answer 13

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 14

What are the parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

Answer 14

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

Question 15

What bone does the pituitary gland lie on ?

Answer 15

Sphenoid bone within the sella tucica

Question 16

What cell types are contained in the retina?

Answer 16

Rods and cones- photoreceptors

Question 17

What is bitemporal hemianopia and how does it occur?

Answer 17

Blind in both peripheral fields due to compression of the optic nerve in the midline

Question 18

State the names of the arteries taht supply the cerebral arterial circle (of willis)

Answer 18

Anterior cerebral artery left and right
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery left and right

Question 19

What is dura mater?

Answer 19

An adherent thick layer covering all bones of the cranial vault

Question 20

What is tentorium cerebelli?

Answer 20

A tough sheet of dura mater that tenses over the cerebellum

Question 21

What is the diaphragm sellae?

Answer 21

A tough sheet of dura mater making a roof over the pituitary fossa

Question 22

If there was a problem with the oculomotor nerve, what symptoms would manifest?

Answer 22

Problems with eye movements

Dilated pupil

Question 23

If there was a problem with the trigeminal nerve, what symptoms would manifest?

Answer 23

Sensory symptoms of the face

Difficulty chewing

Question 24

If there was a problem with the abducent nerve, what symptoms would manifest?

Answer 24

Problems with abduction of the eye

Question 25

If there was a problem with the optic chiasm, what symptoms would manifest?

Answer 25

This is the optic nerve CN II Hence bitemptoral hemianopia unable to see in the temporal fields

Question 26

What happens to the thyroid gland during swallowing?

Answer 26

It moves superior then inferior with the larynx

Question 27

What are the strap muscles?

Answer 27

Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Omohyoid

Question 28

Describe the lymphatic drainege of the thyroid/ parathyroid glands

Answer 28

Superior deep cervical nodes, inferior cervical nodes, pre tracheal nodes, paratracheal nodes Thoracic ducts (Right nodes right venous angle Left nodes into left venous angle)

Question 29

What foramen does the vagus nerve exit the skull from ?

Answer 29

The jugular

Question 30

What structures do the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves hook around?

Answer 30

Right subclavian artery | Left arch of aorta (ligamentum arteriosus)

Question 31

What ligament lies superficial to the distal end of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 31

Berry’s ligament

Question 32

What are the consequences to a bilaterally cut (accidentally) recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 32

Inability to talk | Inability to close rima glottis so likely to inhale foreign bodies

Question 33

What cell types secrete calcitonin?

Answer 33

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid

Question 34

What cell type secretes thyroid hormones

Answer 34

The follicular cells

Question 35

What is the hormone secreted from the hypothalamus that stimualtes TSH production from the anterior pituitary

Answer 35

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone