Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Negative feedback inhibiting hormone secretion from endocrine target to anterior pituitary/hypothalamus

Answer 1

Long-loop feedback

Question 2

Negative feedback inhibiting hormone secretion from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus

Answer 2

Short-loop feedback

Question 3

1st degree disorders are due to…

Answer 3

A defect in secretory cells

Question 4

2nd degree disorders are due to…

Answer 4

Too much/ too little tropic hormone secreted from the pituitary gland

Question 5

3rd degree disorders are due to…

Answer 5

Hypothalamic defects

Question 6

Endocrine regions of the pancreas are called…

Answer 6

Islets of Langerhans

Question 7

Rough normal blood glucose concentration

Answer 7

5 mmoles

Question 8

Hypoglycaemia is blood glucose of…

Answer 8

<3mM

Question 9

glucagon is produced by…

Answer 9

alpha cells in the islets of langerhans

Question 10

Insulin secretion is stimulated by…

Answer 10

Amino acids and glucose in the blood

Question 11

Somatostatin is secreted by…

Answer 11

Delta cells in the islets of langerhans

Question 12

Function of somatostatin

Answer 12

1. inhibits GI activity, slowing nutrient absorption

2. supresses release of insulin and glucagon

Question 13

Net effect of the glucose counter-regulatory control system

Answer 13

Elevates blood glucose

Question 14

Hormones making up the glucose counter-regulatory control system

Answer 14

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth hormone

Question 15

Hyperexcitation of neurons (possibly leading to tetany) is caused by…

Answer 15

Hypocalcaemia

Question 16

Reduced neuron excitability depressing neuromuscular activity (triggering cardiac arrhythmias in extreme cases) is caused by…

Answer 16

Hypercalcaemia

Question 17

Increasing plasma pH has what effect on [ca2+] plasma?

Answer 17

Alkalosis –> hypocalcaemia

Question 18

Actions of 21-hydroxylase

Answer 18

Enzyme needed for synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol

Question 19

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) are produced in the…

Answer 19

Zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex

Question 20

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) are produced in the…

Answer 20

Zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex

Question 21

Sex steroids are produced in which part of the adrenal gland?

Answer 21

Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

Question 22

Catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine, dopamine) are produced in the…

Answer 22

Adrenal medulla

Question 23

C (clear) cells of the thyroid secrete…

Answer 23

Calcitonin (Ca2+ regulating hormone)

Question 24

The pituitary gland is situated in a hollow of the sphenoid bone called the…

Answer 24

Sella turcica

Question 25

Which parts= of the pituitary gland is dark and which is light staining on H&E stain?

Answer 25

``` Dark = anterior pituitary Light = posterior pituitary ```

Question 26

3 Types of anterior pituitary cells and how they stain

Answer 26

Acidophils - pink Basophils - light purple Chromophobic - pale

Question 27

Arterial blood supply to the anterior pituitary

Answer 27

Superior hypophysial artery

Question 28

Arterial blood supply to the posterior pituitary

Answer 28

Inferior hypophysial artery

Question 29

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary through the...

Answer 29

Infundibulum

Question 30

Vertebral level of the thyroid

Answer 30

C5 - T1

Question 31

The thyroid is located between which cartilages?

Answer 31

Cricoid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

Question 32

The isthmus lies opposite which tracheal rings?

Answer 32

2nd - 4th

Question 33

Which nerve runs between the trachea and oesophagus?

Answer 33

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 34

Which nerve runs beside the superior thyroid artery

Answer 34

Superior laryngeal nerve

Question 35

Acidophils secrete which anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 35

GH and prolactin

Question 36

Basolphils secrete which anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 36

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Question 37

Embryological origin of the adrenal cortex

Answer 37

Mesoderm

Question 38

Embryological origin of the adrenal medulla

Answer 38

Neuroectoderm

Question 39

Thyroglobulin is secreted in...

Answer 39

The follicular cell it is then exocytosed into the colloid where it is iodinated

Question 40

Specific action of TSH

Answer 40

catalyses endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin into the follicular cell

Question 41

How are thyroid hormones transported in the blood

Answer 41

Bound to thyroxine-binding globulin | has a higher affinity for T4

Question 42

Where is the thyroid hormone receptor located

Answer 42

In the target cell | higher affinity for T3 so most T4 is converted by deiodinase before/after entering the cell

Question 43

Action of thyroid peroxidase

Answer 43

oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the colloid

Question 44

IGF-1 is secreted by... + action

Answer 44

Secreted by the liver stimulated by GH inhibits release of GH and GHRH

Question 45

Synthesis of calcitriol

Answer 45

Vitamin D converted to 25(OH)D3 in the liver | 25(OH)D3 converted to Calcitriol by the kidney stimulated by prolactin and PTH

Question 46

General action of calcitriol

Answer 46

increases plasma calcium

Question 47

General action of PTH

Answer 47

increases plasma calcium

Question 48

The thyroid produces …….. in response to high plasma calcium

Answer 48

calcitonin | increases renal calcium excretion

Question 49

The kidney converts 25(OH)D3 to......

Answer 49

Calcitriol

Question 50

Hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary in the...

Answer 50

hypophyseal portal system

Question 51

ACTH release is stimulated by...

Answer 51

CRH

Question 52

The posterior pituitary produces

Answer 52

Oxytocin | ADH

Question 53

Basis of large vessel disease in diabetes mellitus

Answer 53

LDL is glycated Glycated LDL is not removed from plasma by liver cells causes hyperlipidaemia + atherosclerosis

Question 54

Basis of small vessel disease in diabetes mellitus

Answer 54

glycosylation of basal lamina proteins thickens the basal lamina --> narrowed arteriole + ischaemia

Question 55

Effects of insulin

Answer 55

``` increased glucose uptake by cells Glycogen synthesis Triacylglycerol synthesis increased amino acid uptake protein synthesis stimulates Na/KATPase --> increased potassium uptake ```

Question 56

Specific action of insulin on fat and muscle cells

Answer 56

binds to tyrosine kinase receptors --> recruits GLUT4 transporters

Question 57

action of insulin on liver cells

Answer 57

(only effective in the fed state) insulin activates hexokinase --> lowers intracellular glucose --> glucose enters cell via GLUT 2